A Raisin Of The Sun And Harper Lee s A Hansberry

Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird portray prejudicial parameters that properly represent the social issues of the early twentieth century. Both authors use issues of race, gender roles, and social status to connect their work to the nonfictional events occurring in their own lives. The characters in both novels experience personal judgement, as well as the ability to witness its effect on those around them. Racial inequality is presented throughout history by rulings of the court. Gender roles also negatively presented society with the problem of the inability of some to aspire to their greatest potential. Social status presents as another problem in the time period of the novel, being that those of the lower class were forced to adapt to a new lifestyle. In Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, prejudice sets figurative lines that imprison some of the characters due t o race, sex, and social status which reign true in the time period surrounding the settings of the novels. A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, introduces a family struggling to hold themselves together. They live in an apartment with other families and issues that come up include fighting for a bathroom in the morning, lack of space within their apartment, and the lack of money evident by actions of the family members and the furnishings throughout the house. The subject of money is quicklyShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird vs a Raisin in the Sun1396 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee and Lorraine Hansberry are two very different authors, who wrote two very different works. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel about how prejudice and discrimination can lead to an innocent man being convicted of a crime he didn’t commit just because of his skin color. A Raisin in the Sun is a play about how the value of a family can overcome racism in a new town and allow a family to prosper, even in the worst conditions. However, both of these works deal with racism and discrimination inRead MoreUse Of Geography Biased Education Through Multiple Fictional Hwoc Readings1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world, the level of education that children and teens receive is a function of their geography. We were able to see the theme of geography biased education throughout multiple fictional HWOC readings. For example, in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Scout feels that her education is not equal to the level of education of those around her. She feels as if she was being cheated out of something (44), referring to her education. This is because she lives in a very small town that doesn t haveRead MoreLoss of Innocence in Raisin in the Sun and To Kill a Mockingbird1974 Words   |  8 Pages Recently, I have read both a Raisin in the Sun and To Kill a Mockingbird, both considered literary classics. They share a number of similar themes and character that face similar situations. Ultimately, they have extremely different plots, but address the same issues; some that were common around the time they were published, and some that carry relevance into current times. What I wish to bring to light in this essay is that in both novels, there are many characters that lives’ hit a shatter-pointRead MoreThe And Oral Communication Curriculum2560 Words   |  11 PagesAs teenage research writers, personally, our lives have been sheltered and confined, leading us to believe these injustices exist only in works of literature, such as those we shared in the honors written and oral communication curriculum: A Raisin in the Sun, To Kill a Mockingbird, Romeo and Juliet, and other time-tested works. Unfortunately, identity based on sex isn’t some foreign concept. In fact, we have found traces of gender discrimination in and around our â€Å"safe† local communities. TogetherRead MoreRacism And The Effect Of Racism2028 Words   |  9 PagesRacism and the effects of racism can be seen anywhere. In the hallways of the high school, the streets, housing, neighborhoods, cities, and more, one thing is seen, and that s segregation, which is ultimately caused by racism. Walking in the hallways at school, chances are that you’ll see a group of whites, a group of Hispanics, and a group of African Americans, but rarely do you see these three groups interacting with each other. Racism has been made a part of people’s everyday lives, a borderRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Susan B Anthony2214 Words   |  9 Pagesand expected to be a housewife so she doesn’t have the opportunity to pursue her dream anymore. In society, there are certain stereotypes for women which aren’t necessarily true. One of the classics we read in class was To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. When Scout, Jem, and Dill were playing a game, Jem said â€Å"Scout, I’m telling you for the last time, shut your trap or go home--I declare to the Lord you’re getting more like a girl everyday!† (51). Scout was only trying to tell them that they shouldRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagespoem, A Song of the Soul of Central compares the school to a great grey mother who encourages the ambitions of children of all colors and religions. Langstons English teacher at Central, Ethel Weimer, introduced him to the American poets Edgar Lee Masters, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Amy Lowell, and Vachel Lindsay. Carl Sandburg, and Walt Whitman were his favorites. Hughes read Sandburgs Chicago Poems (1916) and studied his biography. He was impressed by Sandburgs humble lifestyle and his contempt

Hamlets Love For Ophelia - 1414 Words

Hamlet is blind. His clouded vision makes him incapable of seeing his true feelings for Ophelia until she is on her deathbed. This so called scholar is not intelligent enough to be aware of the fact that he is in love in Ophelia because his brain in clouded by the thought of revenge. A thought developed to help him achieve his goal of glory and bring him out if his funk ultimately makes him lose sight of something that would bring him pure joy, his love for Ophelia. Instead he pushes her away instead of expressing his true feelings. Although Hamlet loses sight of his love for Ophelia during his antic disposition and revenge scheme, upon her death he realizes his true feeling for her and when he hears the news of her death he is devastated.†¦show more content†¦Once Hamlet finds this out he, being the prideful man he is, goes out of his way to prove him wrong. Some would argue that Hamlet is mean to Ophelia because she betrayed his trust by showing the letters to her father, but he is mean because he becomes mad and wants to prove Polonius wrong. Ophelia only shows the letters to Polonius because she is trying to be a good daughter. Throughout the entire play Ophelia is used as a pawn to both her father and Hamlet, and that it why she acts they way the she does. While Hamlet is putting on his act of antic disposition he is extremely rude to Ophelia. He always talks down to her like she is incapable of understanding simple ideas. Many would argue that since Hamlet is a man of power during this time period he is expected to act this way. Also, people could argue that Ophelia is incapable of understanding because she is seen as weak and fragile. These arguments are invalid because Hamlet does not need to degrade Ophelia because he is scared to love her. He goes as far as uttering harsh words to her like â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† (3.1. 148-149), and â€Å"I say we have no more marriage† (3.1. 159-160) while he is alone with her inside of the castle. This makes the audience believe that Hamlet does not love Ophelia because he tells her to go live in a whore house, and also calls off the wedding. He only utters these words because he is so wrappedShow MoreRelatedHamlets Love for Ophelia1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntro to Literature Drama Paper Hamlet’s Love   Ã‚      In the tragic play  Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, one of the most common themes found throughout the story’s plot is the theme of love. Shakespeare interlaces many layers of thematic love through the complex relationships of  Hamlet; primarily between Hamlet and Ophelia. From Act one until the final scene of the play, Hamlet struggles with the decision to kill Claudius while he concurrently tries to comprehend the chaos surroundingRead More Hamlets Love for Ophelia Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesHamlets Love for Ophelia      Ã‚   In Hamlet, we are introduced to the complexities of a man who is struggling to murder his uncle while trying to understand his mothers motives. His inner turmoil has left him emotionally unavailable and completely disenchanted with humanity in general.  Ã‚      Hamlet seems to be at his best when he is cruel which could reveal a deeper method for self-medication in which he hurts those he loves most - especially his mother Ophelia.   However, while we canRead MoreHamlet ´s Treatment of Ophelia and Gertrude Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesLove in the forms of parent to child and from lover to lover is an addictive element which can result in loneliness and lead to madness to those who lose it forever. Hamlets relationship with Gertrude and Ophelia is quick to fall apart after he learns key information about his parentage. Both Gertrude and Ophelia provide him with love but are absent at a time when he needs it most; during the reign of his madness. Hamlets madness is partly evident due to his poor relationship with Gertrude andRead MoreDid Hamlet Love Ophelia Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Sandoval Sandoval 1 Professor: Jamie F. Wheeler ENGL 1302.S17 Date 2/4/12 Did Hamlet Love Ophelia? Although some scholars argue that Hamlet has a concise story, it is filled with many uncertainties relating to Hamlet. One of which is Hamlet love for Ophelia, despite some argue otherwise, the evidence provides that the Prince truly did love Ophelia. The word â€Å"love† is a powerful one, both in real life, and in Shakespeares play Hamlet. It is often a confusing conceptRead MoreEssay on The Destruction of Love Between Hamlet and Ophelia1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Destruction of Love Between Hamlet and Ophelia      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ophelia describes Hamlet as the courtiers soldier, scholars eye, tongue and sword, Thexpectancy and rose of fair state, the glass of fashion and the mould of form, Thobserved of all observers (Act 3 Scene 1) He is the ideal man. But, after his madness and the death of her father she sees him as a noble mind oer thrown! (Act 3 Scene 1). Ophelia suffers from Hamlets disillusionment; his attitude to her in Act 3 Scene 1 isRead MoreDoes Hamlet Love Ophelia Analysis1111 Words   |  5 Pagesof which is Hamlets love for Ophelia, despite some arguments against it, the evidence proves that the Prince truly did love Ophelia. The word â€Å"love† is a powerful one, both in real life, and in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. This word is even harder to understand when the person behind it is constantly changing their mind, saying different things to others, and acting crazy, but despite this Hamlet seems to truly love Ophelia. Throughout Hamlet, his feelings towards Ophelia swing from love, to neverRead MoreHamlet Needs Horatio and Ophelia Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pageswithout its supporting characters. Horatio and Ophelia are often disregarded as supporting actors within the play. They spend very little time onstage, and when they are their roles seem trivial; however, their true purpose is much greater. The characters of Horatio and Ophelia have two very different functions in the play. Horatio is used as a foil for Hamlet, the person to whom Hamlet can discuss his course of action and act like his true self. Ophelia, however, has a major role that is not initiallyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ophelia and Hamlet: William Shakespeare970 Words   |  4 Pagesmadness, such as Ophelia and Claudius, but in different forms. Existentialist philosopher Friedrich Nietzche says, â€Å"There is always some madness in love. But there is also some reason in madness.† What Nietzche is saying is tha t when you are in love with someone or something, there is always a little bit of madness or crazy to it, but there is also some reason, some explanation, to madness. This essay will prove Nietzche’s statement by looking at Ophelia and Hamlet’s relationship, Hamlet’s plot to foolRead MoreHamlet Temperament Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst â€Å"revenge tragedies† (â€Å"Hamlet: Violence†). Hamlet is considered to be a tragedy because at the end of the story only one major character, Horatio, is left alive. The revenge plot occurs mainly between Hamlet and Claudius after Claudius kills Hamlet’s father. As more people become involved on either side of their conflict, additional sources for revenge are presented as more people die. Psychologist David Keirsey has analyzed personal temperaments and how they can create struggle. Keirsey identifiesRead MoreHamlet And Ophelia Analysis1266 Words   |  6 Pagesplays written during the Elizabet han era told the love story of Hamlet and Ophelia. Throughout Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, some people struggle understanding if Hamlet’s love for Ophelia was genuine or if he was just feeling lust. I think that Hamlet was truly in love with Ophelia. Throughout most of the play, Hamlet showed his love for Ophelia in many different ways. Although he did break up with her at one point during the play and said he did not love her, it was obvious throughout the rest of the

Main Theme Of Antigone - 942 Words

Themes are important to any story; they give the reader a sense of background and understanding when it comes to the events unfolding in the story. Many literary works include multiple themes, all of which convey important ideas about humanity and the way that society functions. In Antigone by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty. One key and central theme of Antigone is the importance of loyalty to family, which is shown through Antigones determination and dedication to her family, her conviction in the law of the gods, and her essence and personality as a dynamic character. In Antigone, the protagonists, Antigones,†¦show more content†¦Haemons mother, Eurydice, kills herself as well upon finding out what happened to her son. This shows that these characters value their family more than civil obedience to the head of power, Creon, who also realizes the importance of family relationships after he has lost every one of his family members. A conflict in Antigone that is part of the theme of familial loyalty is the conflict between divine law and human law. Antigone believes strongly in the law of the gods and respecting this law. This was common in ancient Greece, but Antigone held divine law higher above human law in importance. It is referenced and alluded to much in the play, and Antigone even shames her sister, Ismene, for potentially disrespecting the gods, saying if you wish, you can show contempt for those laws the gods all hold in honor (Sophocles). Antigones beliefs are the foundation for her familial beliefs and loyalty, because of the go ds principles. She defended her opposition to Creons laws by saying that Zeus did not announce the law as important to her, and that divine law is to be followed always and forever. She is extremely passionate and followed the law of the gods because the gods laws command the importance of honoring and valuing family relations. It is her responsibility to obey the laws of the gods before anything else, besides family, which goes hand-in-hand with her divine beliefs. Antigone also valuesShow MoreRelatedSophocles Antigone : The Third Of The Three Theban Tragic Plays1106 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’s play, Antigone is the third of the three Theban tragic plays and was written around 440 B.C. and is still well known today. Sophocles s play Antigone tells a tragic story about family honor and a sister’s love for her brothers. After Antigone’s two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles died in battle, Creon became the new leader of Thebes. Creon orders that Eteocles have a proper burial while Polynices’s body remain unburied, simply left to rot. Antigone refuses to let her brother’s bodyRead MoreExplain the purpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks)1556 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks) All characters which feature in Sophocles’ play Antigone play an important role somehow; mainly conveying a certain moral or theme. The major characters portray the main themes such as loyalty, whilst some of the minor characters and the chorus explore the theme of prophecy and fate. Antigone is one of/the main character in the play named after herself. However it is debatable whether she is the main characterRead MoreThe Four Main Characters In The Tragedy Of Antigone858 Words   |  4 Pagesdrama with a serious undertone that portrays themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. The main character goes through a series of difficulties that eventually lead to a catastrophic ending. The four main characteristics that define a tragic hero are that they are born into a powerful family, responsible for their own fate, cursed with an unfortunate flaw, doomed to have a tragic fall. The main conflict of the story occurs between King Creon and Antigone. Creon’s decrees that Polyneices was a traitorRead More Looking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible,1001 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the similarities and context of the plays; The Crucible, St. Joan and Antigone I shall be comparing the following three plays: The Crucible, St. Joan, and Antigone. I will be analysing the plays contents so that I can look at the similarities between the three of them and communicating the ideas that each of the three main characters have similar characteristics. The Crucible was written by playwright Arthur Miller and was first produced in 1953. The play is set in Salem, MassachusettsRead MoreThe Prologue Of Antigone899 Words   |  4 PagesThis passage is an excerpt from the prologue of ‘Antigone’, an Ancient Greek tragedy by Sophocles. In this scene, Antigone is trying to convince her sister, Ismene, to help her bury their brother, Polynices. It is significant to the rest of the play as gives explanation to future events and establishes the characters of Antigone and Ismene and their roles in the overall plot. Additionally, the excerpt gives a strong idea of the setting. In the scene, the audience can infer ideas about past eventsRead MoreEssay about Religion vs. State in â€Å"Antigone820 Words   |  4 PagesThe play â€Å"Antigone† is a tragedy by Sophocles. One main theme of the play is Religion vs. the state. This theme is seen throughout the play. Antigone is the supporter of religion and following the laws of the gods and the king of Thebes, Creon, is the state. In the play Creon has made it against the law to bury Antigone’s brother, something that goes against the laws of the gods, this is the cause of most conflict in the story. This struggle helps to develop the tragic form by giving the readerRead MoreContrast Between Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles744 Words   |  3 PagesContrast between Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles, a famous and renowned Greek dramatist, is the playwright to both the play Oedipus the King and Antigone. Along with Antigone and Oedipus Sophocles had also wrote Electra and Fete. Sophocles wrote many Greek tragedies which are plays in which the main character in the play suffers a tragedy due to some flaw of theirs. An example would be how Oedipus (thinking he is defying a prophecy) murders his father and weds his mother. His flaw was himRead MoreThe Test Of Time By Sophocles1403 Words   |  6 Pagesfew have withstood the test of time as long as Antigone has. Written by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles in 441 B.C, it is almost two and a half thousand years old. How does a piece of writing last that long without becoming irrelevant and antiquated. The answer to that question can be found in the themes and characters of this long enduring masterpiece. Before I jump into this paper, I should probably tell you what Antigone is about. Antigone is a play which takes place shortly after theRead MoreA Man Defeated By His Flaws in Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† 995 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† translated by Robert Fitzgerald and Dudley Fitts, Creon believes his laws surpass the laws written by the gods but his real flaw is his belief in masculine superiority and his self-destructive pride. In Greek literature, a tragedy means a sad story in which a hero is defeated because of his flaws and through this the audience will have a better understanding of themselves and the world. King Creon takes the audience thru his journey of ego, stubbornness and sufferingRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Antigone By Sophocles1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Antigone, composed by Sophocles, informs us that fate cannot be controlled by anyone. Fate is an essential part of many tragedies. As for the characters in Antigone, their fates end up being unavoidable, whether it is due to the reason that they refused to accept it until it was very late, or they accepted the fate and permitted it to come to pass. The character’s lives possess set conclusions, and there exits some clues on what these conclusions shall be, and when they shall happen. The

Early Civilization Matrix Free Essays

Early Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources complete the following matrix. Be sure to address the following in your matrix: †¢Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details as necessary. †¢Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Civilization Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now Be sure to properly cite the sources that you use in completing this matrix. Civilization|Politics|Society/ Economics|Technology|Art|Music|Architecture|Philosophy|Literature| Prehistoric |N/A|N/A|Arti-craft was one the many thing that was invented during this time, anti-craft are item such as hunting weapon spears, rocks. |Art was one of the many things that was started in the prehistoric era cave art was founded in many part of the world the oldest one was founded Lascaux France in1945 this is known to be one of the oldest cave art. |N/A|Stonehenge was the biggest architectural piece that the prehistoric built. It was used as a celestial calendar predicting the movement of the sun and moon, it was built in Wiltshire, England on 3000-1800 B. C. E. |N/A|N/A| Mesopotamian |During this point of time communication was a very difficult process. This caused the Mesopotamian to create different city-states and independent of the others and protective of its independence. |The Mesopotamian had a very wealthy economy; due to its landscape surrounded by major part of water, fishing was one of the many great part of trading this led them to be a very wealthy country. | The major technology introduces in this era in the second millennium B. C. E was Iron. Iron was a technology used for many thing such as farming tools, armor. |Graves found in Ur, Iraq and in a different place in Mesopotamian led archeologist to find beautiful art. Sound box of a Harp illustrated non-surviving portions of epic, or they referred to admired fables. |Harps were found in Ur, Iraq. This was a clue that music was played during this time for people to tell stories about epic characters|One of the many architectures found in Mesopotamian are this gigantic temples that were found in Ur, Iraq. This was used to worship there god and to teach the young bout their history and about their god. |Much epic philosophy was founded for this era. The biggest one was Babylonian consideration had a considerable influence on early Greek and Hellenistic philosophy|One of the most famous literature of this era Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian arranged upon an astronomical principle. Each division contains the story of a s ingle adventure in the career of Gilgamesh. | Ancient Egyptian|The leader of the lawful system was formally the pharaoh, who was accountable for enacting laws, delivering truthfulness, and maintaining law and order. Egyptians did not use currency until the later in time; they did use a sort of money exchange system with typical sacks of grain and the Deben a weight of roughly 91 grams|Traditional empiricism since evidenced by the Edwin Smith and Eber in 1600 BC is first recognized by the Egyptians. The Egyptians formed their individual alphabet and decimal system. |Artist in Ancient Egyptian used stone to carve statues and fine reliefs The Bust of Nefertiti, by the sculptor Thutmose, is one of the most famous masterpieces of ancient Egyptian art. In Ancient Egypt music and dance were trendy entertainments, for the wealthy one. Early on instruments included flutes and harps, while instruments similar to trumpets, oboes, and pipes developed later and became popular. Music was an impor tant piece during religious times. |Ancient Egypt includes some of the most famous structures in the world: the Great Pyramids of Giza which is known to be built in 2575 B. C. E. Structure projects were planned and funded by the state for sacred and celebration purposes, but also to reinforce the power of the pharaoh. The tale of Sinuhe, written in Middle Egyptian, may be the classic of Egyptian writing. Printed at this time was the Westcar Papyrus, a set of stories told to Khufu by his sons involving the marvels performed by priests. The Instruction of Amen mope is measured a work of genius of eastern literature. |Script first appeared in involvement with kingship on labels and tags for objects establish in royal tombs. A few of the finest acknowledged pieces of ancient Egyptian writing such as the Pyramid and Coffin Texts, were written in Classical Egyptian, which sustained to be the language of writing until 1300 BC. Aegean|The position was ruled by a king, whose role was militar y, judicial, and religious. |The economy was controlled by the regime, which prepared memo of external and internal crop, disperse work, and were in charge of the giving out of food. |More powerful iron was built during this time 1200 B. C. E. This led to a larger military and more tools for hunting and farming. |One of the most famous art in this time era is the Bull-leaping fresco, in Knossos, Crete in 1500 B. C. E. Picture of the modern bull fighting which were codified by Julius Caesar. |Music was used for religious occasion. Occasionally used during burial and church activities. |Citadels were isolated forts that undoubtedly served to militarily control territory. Walls were often made in a fashion called cyclopean, which means that they were constructed of large, boulders loosely fitted without the clay mortar of the day. |The Aegean age told many stories but the most famous one were the one of Trojans war passing them from generation to generation. The story are known to be called the Iliad and the Odyssey. |Story of Iliad and Odyssey were written in script this story is written in 16000 long lines. | Archaic Greek|Archaic Greek is known to own kingdoms ruling over relatively large territories. |Archaic Greek was one of the most advanced pre-industrial economies. Mostly all the people had a job to do which kept the economy growing. ||||||| Classical Greek||||||||| Hellenistic ||||||||| Roman||||||||| Judaic ||||||||| Early Christian||||||||| Byzantium||||||||| Islamic||||||||| . How to cite Early Civilization Matrix, Papers

Targets and Receptors for Conditions of the Endocrine System

Question: Write about theTargets and Receptors for Conditions of the Endocrine System. Answer: Introduction Receptors which are located on both the surface of the cell and also with it are the molecular targets through which drugs exert their effects in various diseases and health conditions. The term 'receptor' is used in a broader sense to refer to any recognition site for drug and drug-like compounds. They are defined as per their selectivity, saturability, functionality, and reversibility of ligand binding (Williams, 2006). Defining a receptor in both physiological and pharmacological terms means that it bears precise interactions with ligands belonging to a particular pharmacological class. Thus, drug compounds used in the treatment of conditions of the endocrine system need to have a specific compound structure to be able to target the various receptors for the delivery of therapeutic effects. This paper is a discussion on the targets and receptors in the treatment of the various conditions of the endocrine system. This discussion is carried as per each individual condition or where feasible, class of conditions, outlining the drug compounds used and their targets. Discussion There are different classes of drugs adopted for the treatment of the various presentations of disorders of the endocrine system. It is, therefore, necessary to group and classify these disorders. There are four primary classes of disorders relevant to this discussion; disorders in glucose homeostasis. thyroid disorders, disorders in calcium homeostasis, and disorders of pituitary gland. Targets and receptors in the treatment of glucose homeostasis disorders Conditions classified under glucose homeostasis disorders include diabetes, hypoglycemia, and glucagonoma. The glucagon receptor (Gcgr) The glucagon receptor is a peptide hormone mainly expressed in the liver and kidney with other minor sources such as the heart, spleen, GI tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, thymus, adrenal glands, and cerebral cortex. This receptor is one of the members in the family B receptors classified under the G protein-coupled super-family of 7 transmembrane-spanning receptors (Authier Desbuquois, 2008) Glucagon is the primary hormone which opposes the action of insulin. It is the primary hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells whose primary role is the provision of sustainable supply of glucose to the vital organs during fasting periods. To achieve this, hepatic glucose production is stimulated by specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) located mainly hepatocytes (Christensen, et al., 2011). Patients presenting with type 2 diabetes mellitus, have elevated levels of glucagon which plays a key function in the development of hyperglycemia among this group of patients. Evidence from a number of research studies shows that targeting the pancreatic alpha-cells and glucagon (its primary secretory product) can T2DM(Christensen, et al., 2011). With such evidence, drugs developed in the management of T2DM either antagonise the glucagon receptor or suppress glucagon secretion. Glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism in the management of hyperglycaemia has been demonstrated using glucagon peptide antagonists, small molecular weight GCGR antagonists, GCGR antisense oligonucleotides, and anti-glucagon neutralising antibodies can treat diabetes (Sloop, 2005). The insulin receptor(IR) This is a transmembrane receptor belonging to the class of tyrosine kinase receptors. Its activation is mediated by insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) (Ward Lawrence, 2009). This receptor regulates glucose homeostasis. Drugs targeting the insulin receptor increases the affinity of glucose transporter molecules on tissues that are insulin-responsive, and as a result increases the uptake of blood into such tissues (Boucher, et al., 2014). Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) This receptor is found in pancreatic beta cells and its activation leads to the stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway which translates to increased insulin synthesis and its release (Holst, 2004). This receptor has been a target in the development of the class of drugs known as GLP1R agonists used in the treatment of diabetes. GLP1R agonists potentiate the glucose-induced secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, suppresses post-prandial glucagon release, promotes beta-cell neogenesis and also inhibits their apoptosis, delays stomach emptying, increases expression of insulin, elevates peripheral glucose disposal and promotes satiety (Donnelly, 2012). Free fatty acid receptors Free fatty acids (FFAs) play a significant role in glycaemic regulation and the pathogenesis of T2DM (Bergman Ader, 2000). GPCRs for FFAs form part of the body's nutrient sensing mechanism and are included in the pancreas, GI tract, leucocytes, adipose tissue and other parts of the CNS. This class of receptors are not restricted to the lock and key theory but are rather considered to be diverse in the sense that their activation is mediated by a wide range of ligands (Vangaveti, et al., 2010). Vangaveti and fellow authors further claim that agonists of FFAR1 and GPR119 (long-chain FFA receptors) serve as insulin secretagogues, both directly and by also increases incretins which in turn stimulates a decline in blood glucose levels. Activation of GPR119 reduces food intake, causes a reduction in body weight gain, regulates incretin and hormone secretion (Lan, et al., 2009). This demonstrates that drugs that exert their function through this receptor can treat both diabetes and obesity (Overton, et al., 2008). Somatostatin receptors Somatostatin receptors are members of the G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptors (Bronstein-Sitton, 2006). They are targets for somatostatin analogues such as octreotide used in the treatment of glucagonoma. Activation of these receptors signals for the secretion of IGF-1 and also decreases the secretion of glucagon. Targets and receptors in the treatment of thyroid disorders The most prevalent disorders of the thyroid gland include goitre, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid hormone resistance, toxic multinodular goitre, thyroid cancer, and Graves-Basedow disease. Thyroid disorders may result due to either iodine deficiency, autoimmunity, genetic factors or environmental factors (Simmonds Gough, 2005; Weetman, 2003). However, autoimmunity is the most prevalent cause. Problems such as hypothyroidism characterised by the inadequate production of thyroxine hormone by the thyroid gland require thyroxine therapy. The receptors for the thyroxine from drugs such as Levothyroxine (LT4) are the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) (alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2) which are a type of nuclear receptor. Nuclear receptors are types of proteins found in cells with the responsibility of sensing steroid and thyroid hormones (Olefsky, 2001). Thyroid hormone receptors function as hormone-activated transcription factors, and as such, they act by modulating gene expression. Thyroid hormone receptors bind to DNA causing functioning as a transcriptional activator (Zhang Lazer, 2000). This action, however, needs to be down-regulated in the event of hyperthyroidism. In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces an excess of the hormone thyroxine. Its treatment includes anti-thyroid pharmacotherapy, radioactive iodine-131 therapy, and thyroidectomy (Lee, 2017). Agents for anti-thyroid pharmacotherapy such as Propylthiouracil act by inhibiting the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine (Lee, 2017). The receptors for this therapy are the thyrotropin receptors or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors. Thyrotropin receptors are also included in the GPCR group (Farid Szkudlinski, 2004). Thyroid stimulating receptors are found on the surface of thyroid epithelial cells, adipose tissue, and fibroblasts. The mode of function of thyrotropin receptors is that they bind circulating TSH and this signals a G-protein signal cascade which leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and also increases the intercellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Goel, et al., 2013). The latter activates all functional mechanisms of thyroid cells which include iodine pumping, iodination, endocytosis, proteolysis and the synthesis of thyroglobulin and as a result reduce the amount of thyroxine available (Sellitti Suzuki, 2014; Hashizume, et al., n.d.). Targets and receptors in the treatment of thyroid calcium homeostasis disorders This class of disorders includes parathyroid gland disorders (hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism), osteoporosis, rickets and Pagets disease of bone. Hyperparathyroidism is treated using calcimimetics whose mode of action is to mimic the action of calcium on tissues. It mimics calcium at the parathyroid hormone receptor leading to a binding that improves the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) on the parathyroid gland (Riccardi Martin, 2008). CaSR is also a Class C GPCR predominantly found in the parathyroid gland and some on the renal tubules of the kidney. There two forms of the parathyroid hormone receptors (parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) and parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) which are also members of GPCRs whose main function is regulation of calcium ion homeostasis (Pioszak Xu, 2008). Bisphosphonates are also used in the treatment of the osteoporosis, loss of bone mass and other similar diseases (National Osteoporosis Society, 2012). The target for this class of drugs is the bone tissue where they are ingested by osteoclasts. Targets and receptors in the treatment of pituitary gland disorders Some of the disorders in this group include diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, and pituitary tumours. Diabetes insipidus results from the lack of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), and its treatment involves the use of a synthetic hormone called desmopressin. The target receptors for desmopressin is the vasopressin receptors (V1, V2, and V3), more precisely the V2 receptors (Robben, et al., 2004). The V2 receptor is also a GPCR which regulates homeostasis of water, glucose and salts in the blood. These receptors are predominantly located in cell membranes of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts Conclusion Targets and receptors for drugs used in the treatment of conditions of the endocrine system are diverse and they are dependent on the function of the endocrine organ impaired. Even in cases involving the same hormone but differently classified into either hyper-production or hypo-production, the target receptors are also different. References Authier, F. Desbuquois, B., 2008. Glucagon receptors. Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 65(1881), pp. 1880-1889. Bergman, R. Ader, M., 2000. 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