King Arthur as ideal representative of the middle ages Essay

Although there is no absolute proof that King Arthur lived, the historical and literary information has made him an ideal representative of the middle ages. The Middle Ages have always been an intriguing field of study for historians and archeologists around the world. Because of historians and archeologist, we have a history foundation that goes back to the beginning of time. However, the issue that is under debate and gives historians the most controversies is in era of the Middle Ages. The topic of debate that gives historians bring up the most about the middle ages is the legend of King Arthur. Over the past millennium, the story of King Arthur has been past down from generation to generation. From the movie Excalibur, to the famous Broadway plays about King Arthur, he has always been portrayed as the gallant king who saves the day and is undefeatable in battles. But the truth about Arthur has come under much criticism, many of historians have argued about if he really existed or was he just a myth. In fact, there have been rumors that three Arthur’s that lived during that time frame, but which one was the true king Arthur? This is the reason why he has come under so much criticism in the past decade. Another reason why historians are skeptical to the true existence is that the dates when he had been known to live do not add up. There are different periods for battles the he supposedly fought in and had he fought in them, he would have been over a hundred years old. Historians have said that this would have been impossible due to the Black Plague and numerous other plagues going on during that time. There is truth behind the legendary King Arthur and there is support to show that he did live, but historians are having a hard time piecing together the facts that are known. Many of writers who have dared to write about him have had to do intensive research about the legendary Arthur, with little or unknown evidence to support the truth about him. Historians have had to deal with little known information, only able to piece part of what little known fact that there are. The truth about King Arthur will be under debate long after I am gone but I would like to know the truth about the legendary King Arthur, Merlin and the truth to the lady in the lake and Excalibur. The earliest accounts of King Arthur were discovered in the Celtic, Latin, and French resources. They show that he was from a royal bloodline. Latin sources show that his real father was King Uther Pendragon. The story tells how King Urther fell in love with Queen Igraye of Cornwall who was married. And with the aid of Merlin a Celtic magician, Uther took the form of the Duke of Cornwall and seduced Queen Igraye and so conceived Arthur. He was raised without the knowledge of his true royal ancestry and grew up as a knight’s squire. Until one day, he was required to go fetch the knight’s sword where he came upon the sword in the stone and pulled it out of the stone. The story behind the stone is that Authur’s true Dad died and Britain was without a true king and so Merlin the magician put the sword in the stone, saying that the true king of Britain will pull the sword from the stone. † Arthur succeeded the throne at the early age of fifteen after proving his royalty and chastity by drawing the famous magic sword, Excalibur, from the stone. In his first major conquest he subdued the Saxons and expanded his control over Scotland, Ireland, Iceland, and the Orkneys, and established a period of peace for over twelve years. There is much in the pursuit of the issue if Arthur was of historical value to the middle ages. There is no absolute evidence, but it is possible that Arthur was Briton or Roman-Briton king who led the Celtics against the Anglo-Saxons in the early 8th century.† (Americana, Arthurian Romances, 1972) The kings of the medieval period were warlords that protected a particular area of land; they surrounded themselves with knights who swore allegiance in battle in exchange for gifts of gold, armor, and land. There have been three basic charter descriptions of Arthur, which detail the characteristics of the â€Å"real† king Arthur. In the earliest descriptions he’s portrayed as a fierce, feared warrior, capable of tremendous prowess in hand to hand combat. Described by the Welsh priest, Nessius in his Latin Historia Brillonum, Arthur was â€Å"chosen twelve times to lead the Celts, Arthur carried the image of the Virgin and won twelve battles, the last being at Mt. Badon in which he killed 960 of the enemy singly handedly† (Americana). The second image of Arthur is that of a â€Å"peripheral figure whose presence is felt mainly as a social force of arbiter of chivalric excellence†(Americana). A Welshman named Goeffrey of Monmouth was the first to describe the characters and stories we are familiar with today. In the Historia Rogum Britanniae, Geoffrey tells of Arthur’s siring through and adulterous relationship between Uther Pendragon and Igraine. He also introduces the magician Merlin and describes Arthur’s eventual resting-place on the isle of Avalon. In later treatment of Arthurian legends such s Thomas Mallory’s Le Morte Darthur, Arthur is depicted as a more two dimensional character. There is a naive side portrayed be the king, like when he refuses to see the romance between Guinevere, his wife, and Lancelot, a knight, although there are many warnings. For instance, when the affair is revealed, Arthur’s impetuous actions begin the downfall of his court. He condemns Gueniverer to death, forcing Lancelot to save her. In rescuing Guenivere, Lancelot inadvertently kills Gwain, brother and creator of the feud between Gwain and Lancelot. Throughout it all, Arthur is blind and naive and is swept up by events outside his control. There is evidence that Arthur is lost without the advice of the magician Merlin. Arthur does not always understand the implications of the events and is unable to draw his own conclusions without Merlin’s help. Arthur is without full understanding of his actions and causes the end of Camelot and of his reign. Arthur was killed by his illegitimate son Mordred, whom Arthur fathered in an ancesturous relationship with his half -sister Morgan Le Fay. As is presented in many of the later Arthurian stories, Arthur is duped by Mordred’s magical powers, and showing his susceptibility to trickery. The cause of it was when the Roman ambassadors arrived in Camelot demading tribute. Rejecting their offer, he set sail to confront the Roman forces, leaving his son Mordred as vice regent. After conquering the Romans, Arthur heard of news that Mordred had an uprising and his goal was to over through King Arthur. Arthur returned to Camelot where a bitter battle was fought between the rebels and the loyal subjects. The king killed Mordred, but was severely wounded himself. He was carried away secretly to the secret aisle of Avalon, the Celtic Mythology island of the blessed souls, to be healed of his wounds. Arthur returned to Camelot, but legend says he will someday come back to rule over England again. Merlin first appears in the Middle ages as a mere prophet, but his role gradually evolved into that of a magician and advisor, active in all phases of the administration of Arthur’s kingdom. He was apparently given the name Ambrosias at his birth in Caer-Fy Riddin (Carmorthen). He later became known as Merlin a Latinized version of the Welsh word Myrddin, taken from the place of his birth. Geoffrey of Monmouth was thought to have invented the name Merlin, most likely because he invented everything else in his stories. Merlin’s was the illegitimate son of the royal princess of Dyfed. His father was Kind Meurig, who was not found in the traditional pedigrees of the kingdom and was more than likely a sub-king of the region of Coredigion. Merlin’s father was known to be an angel who had visited the royal nun and left her with a child. Merlin’s enemies claim that his father was an evil spirit that had sex with women while they were sleeping. The evil child was to provide a counter weight to the good influence of Jesus on earth. Merlin was baptized when he was young, which is said to have negated his evil nature. The original story was presumably invented to save his mother from the scandal which would have occurred had her liaison with one Morfyn Frych, a minor price of the house of Coel, been made public knowledge. Legend has it that when Merlin grew up that he inherited his grandfather’s kingdom, but instead abandoned his land in favor of the mysterious life he has become so well known for. He was known for his aiding of Unther Pendrogon in his deception of changing him into Gorloris the Duke of Cornwall who then seduces Queen Ygerna and she conceives Arthur. After Arthur’s birth, Merlin became the young boys tutor. In his defining moment of Arthur’s career, Merlin arranged for the Sword in the Stone contest by which Arthur becomes king. Later Merlin meets the mystic Lady of the Lake at the Fountain of Barenton and persuaded her to present the king with the magical sword Excalibur. In the Romances, Merlin’s the creator of the round table and is closely involved in aiding and directing the events of the king and the kingdom of Camelot. In the book by Geoffrey of Monmouth he is pictured at the end of Arthur’s life accompanying the wounded Arthur to the Isle of Avalon for the healing of Arthur’s wounds. According to Geoffrey’s â€Å"Vita Merlini†(c.1151) Merlin was a sixth century prophet living in the north of Britain where his career extended beyond Arthur’s. These same scholars believe that there were two Melin’s, Myrddin Emrys and Myrddin Wylt. The fact the Merlin apparently lived from â€Å"the reign of Vortigern (c420) to the reign of Riderech Huel (c580)† would certainly support this view. Cadbury Castle is the best known and most interesting of the reported sights of Camelot. Cadbury is an absolute hill of limestone and sandstone. The summit is about 500 feet above the sea level with a wide view of central Somerset, including the Four at Glastonbury, which is12 miles away, and in clear weather Brent knoll and beyond. It had four lines of bank and ditch defense. The first known to refer to Cadbury as Camelot is John Leland in 1542. He says â€Å"At the very south, end of the church of South-Cadbri standith Camallate sometimes a famous town or castle†¦.The people can tell nothing there but that they have heard Arthur much resorted to Camelot†. Skeptics have agrees that there was no real local tradition, or perhaps a vague tradition of Arthur only and that the evocative name is a guess of Leland prompted by the Queen Camel. Yet he speaks of Camelot without any discussions as a recognized fact, and his spelling with an A instead of an O in the last syllable may echo a local pronunciation. Whatever the people of the neighborhood were saying in 1542 they have certainly cherished Arthurian lore since then. Cadbury hills has it’s legends, one midsummer eve or midsummer night ( opinions differ and some say it only every seven years) Arthur and his knights ride over the hilltop and down through the ancient gateway, and their horses drink at a spring besided Sutton Montis Church. Whether or not they can be seen, their hoof beats can be heard. Below the hill are traces of an old track, running toward Glatonburg, called Arthur’s lane or Hunting Causeway where a noise of spectral riders and hounds goes past on a winter’s night. Cadbury never had a castle; the fortified hill itself was the castle. The Rev. James Bennett of south Cadbury carried out the first small excavation of Cadbury Hill. In a paper published in 1890, he told how he had cut a trench through the top rampart and judged that it was built up in layers over a long time. This was found true. In 1913, H. St. George Gray excavated again, chiefly near the southwest entrance, finding objects that showed that people were on the hill in the late Iron Age just before the Roman Conquest. The crucial step from the Arthurian point of view did not come until the middle 1950’s. Part of the enclosure was ploughed; and a local archeologist named Mrs. Mary Hartfield picked up flints and potsherds, which appeared on the surface in the upturned soil. Among these Dr. Raleigh Radford recognizes pottery of the type he had found at Tingel, which proved that somebody had lived here at about the time of Arthur, and most likely a person of wealth, who could import luxury goods. The interest thus aroused led to the formation of the Camelot Research Committee. It became clear that British Celts of the Iron Age had not only built the earth works defense, but reconstructed the top bank several times as Bennett suspected a village flourished on the plateau for hundred of years. In a central and commanding position on the high part of the hill called Arthur’s Palace, the foundation of a timber hall came to light. It was 63ft. by 34ft. Their walls were marked by postholes cut in the bedrock. In outline, it resembled the hall of Castle Dore, but there were grounds for inferring more skillful workmanship quality rather than size. In this building the chief warriors would have assembled, feasted, listened to minstrels, planned campaigns, most important of all was the discovery which was made in the bank. The three quarter mile perimeter of the hill, cuts through it in several places, now refilled like the entrance, revealed across section like layer cake, with strata one above another showing how the ram art had been rebuilt at various times over the centuries. The defensive system surrounding the hill made an impression in keeping with the period. The wall itself, with its timber bracing and super structure, was very like what the British Celts were building before the Roman Conquest. It incorporated fragments of Roman masonary, salvaged from derelict buildings but it was strictly a national piece of work. The truth about the real King Arthur, is an issue that will be around until the truth is revealed about him. Historian and archeologist have debated this issue for over a millennium with no were getting to the truth about him. They have found that he did exist, but will they ever come to the agreement about him. For know we will have to live with folklore to the existence of the true King Arthur.

Bombay Stock Exchange

Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ Coordinates: 18. 929681 °N 72. 833589 °E Bombay Stock Exchange From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) (Hindi or Marathi: Bombay Share Bazaar) (formerly, The Stock Exchange, Bombay) is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and largest number of listed companies in the world, with 4990 listed as of August 2010. [2][3] It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. On Aug, 2010, the equity market capitalization of the companies listed on the BSE was US$1. 39 trillion, making it the 4th largest stock exchange in Asia and the 11th largest in the world. 4] With over 4,990 Indian companies listed & over 7700 scrips on the stock exchange,[5] it has a significant trading volume.The BSE SENSEX (SENSitive indEX), also called the â€Å"BSE 30†, is a widely used market index in India and Asia. Though many other exchanges exist, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India account for most of the trading i n shares in India. Bombay Stock Exchange Contents 1 Hours of operation 2 History 3 Timeline 4 BSE indices 5 Sensex correlation with emerging market indices 6 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Type Stock Exchange Location Mumbai, India Coordinates 18. 29681 °N 72. 833589 °E Founded 1875 Owner Bombay Stock Exchange Limited Key people Madhu Kannan (CEO & M D) Currency Indian rupee No. of listings 4,996 MarketCap US$1. 39 trillion (August 2010)[1] Volume US$980 billion (2006) Indexes BSE Sensex Website www. bseindia. com (http://www. bseindia. com/) Hours of operation Session Trading Session Timing 9:00 – 15:30 Beginning of the Day Session 8:00 – 9:00 †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 1/6 9/27/2010Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ Position Transfer Session Closing Session Option Exercise Session Margin Session Query Session End of Day Session 5:30 – 15:50 15:50 – 16:05 16:05 – 16:35 16:35  œ 16:50 16:50 – 17:35 17:30 The hours of operation for the BSE quoted above are stated in terms of the local time (i. e. GMT +5:30) in Mumbai (Bombay), India. BSE's normal trading sessions are on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. [6] History The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when 4 Gujarati and 1 Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall.The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as ‘The Native Share ; Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the BSE Sensex in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading Sensex futures contracts.The development of Sensex options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading The Phiroze Jeejeebhoy exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system Towers house the Bombay in 1995. It took the exchange only fifty days to make this transition. This Stock Exchange since 1980. automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 80 lakh orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx. o. in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. [7]. The BSE is currently housed in Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area.Timeline Following is the timeline on the rise and rise of the S ensex through Indian stock market history. 1830's Business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses started in Bombay. 1860-1865 Cotton price bubble as a result of the American Civil War 1870 – 90's Sharp increase in share prices of jute industries followed by a boom in tea stocks and coal 1978-79 Base year of Sensex, defined to be 100. †¦wikipedia. rg/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 2/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ 1986 Sensex first compiled[8] using a market Capitalization-Weighted methodology for 30 component stocks representing well-established companies across key sectors. 30 October 2006 The Sensex on October 30, 2006 crossed the magical figure of 13,000 and closed at 13,024. 26 points, up 117. 45 points or 0. 9%. It took 135 days for the Sensex to move from 12,000 to 13,000 and 123 days to move from 12,500 to 13,000. 5 December 2006 The Sensex on December 5, 2006 crossed the 14,000-mark to touch 14,028 points.It t ook 36 days for the Sensex to move from 13,000 to the 14,000 mark. 6 July 2007 The Sensex on July 6, 2007 crossed the magical figure of 15,000 to touch 15,005 points in afternoon trade. It took seven months for the Sensex to move from 14,000 to 15,000 points. 19 September 2007 The Sensex scaled yet another milestone during early morning trade on September 19, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the Sensex crossed 16,000, rising by 450 points from the previous close. The 30-share Bombay Stock Exchange's sensitive index took 53 days to reach 16,000 from 15,000. Nifty also touched a new high at 4659, up 113 points.The Sensex finally ended with a gain of 654 points at 16,323. The NSE Nifty gained 186 points to close at 4,732. 26 September 2007 The Sensex scaled yet another height during early morning trade on September 26, 2007. Within minutes after trading began, the Sensex crossed the 17,000-mark . Some profit taking towards the end, saw the index slip into red to 16,887  œ down 187 points from the day's high. The Sensex ended with a gain of 22 points at 16,921. 9 October 2007 The BSE Sensex crossed the 18,000-mark on October 9, 2007. It took just 8 days to cross 18,000 points from the 17,000 mark.The index zoomed to a new all-time intra-day high of 18,327. It finally gained 789 points to close at an all-time high of 18,280. The market set several new records including the biggest single day gain of 789 points at close, as well as the largest intra-day gains of 993 points in absolute term backed by frenzied buying after the news of the UPA and Left meeting on October 22 put an end to the worries of an impending election. 15 October 2007 The Sensex crossed the 19,000-mark backed by revival of funds-based buying in blue chip stocks in metal, capital goods and refinery sectors.The index gained the last 1,000 points in just four trading days. The index touched a fresh all-time intra-day high of 19,096, and finally ended with a smart gain of 640 points at 19,059. The Nifty gained 242 points to close at 5,670. 29 October 2007 The Sensex crossed the 20,000 mark on the back of aggressive buying by funds ahead of the US Federal Reserve meeting. The index took only 10 trading days to gain 1,000 points after the index crossed the 19,000-mark on October 15. The major drivers of today's rally were index heavyweights Larsen and Toubro, Reliance Industries, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank and SBI among others.The 30-share index spurted in the last five minutes of trade to fly-past the crucial level and scaled a new intra-day peak at 20,024. 87 points before ending at its fresh closing high of 19,977. 67, a gain of 734. 50 points. The NSE Nifty rose to a record high 5,922. 50 points before ending at 5,905. 90, showing a hefty gain of 203. 60 points. 8 January 2008 The sensex peaks. It crossed the 21,000 mark in intra-day trading after 49 trading sessions. This was backed by high market confidence of increased FII investment and strong corporate results for the third quarter.However, it later fell back due to profit booking. †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 3/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ 13 June 2008 The sensex closed below 15,200 mark, Indian market suffer with major downfall from January 21, 2008 25 June 2008 The sensex touched an intra day low of 13,731 during the early trades, then pulled back and ended up at 14,220 amidst a negative sentiment generated on the Reserve Bank of India hiking CRR by 50 bps. FII outflow continued in this week. 2 July 2008 The sensex hit an intra day low of 12,822. 0 on July 2, 2008. This is the lowest that it has ever been in the past year. Six months ago, on January 10, 2008, the market had hit an all time high of 21206. 70. This is a bad time for the Indian markets, although Reliance and Infosys continue to lead the way with mostly positive results. Bloomberg lists them as the top two gainers for the Sensex, closely followed by ICICI Bank an d ITC Ltd. 6 October 2008 The sensex closed at 11801. 70 hitting the lowest in the past 2 years. 10 October 2008 The Sensex today closed at 10527,800. 1 points down from the previous day having seen an intraday fall of as large as 1063 points. Thus, this week turned out to be the week with largest percentage fall in the SenseX 18 May 2009 After the result of 15th Indian general election Sensex gained 2100. 79 points from the previous close of 12173. 42, a record one-day gain. In the opening trade itself the Sensex evinced a 15% gain over the previous close which led to a two-hour suspension in trading. After trading resumed, the Sensex surged again, leading to a full day suspension of trading. BSE indicesFor the premier stock exchange that pioneered the securities transaction business in India, over a century of experience is a proud achievement. A lot has changed since 1875 when 318 persons by paying a then princely amount of Re. 1, became members of what today is called Bombay Sto ck Exchange Limited (BSE). Over the decades, the stock market in the country has passed through good and bad periods. The journey in the 20th century has not been an easy one. Till the decade of eighties, there was no measure or scale that could precisely measure the various ups and downs in the Indian stock market.BSE, in 1986, came out with a Stock Index-SENSEX- that subsequently became the barometer of the Indian stock market. The launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by introduction of BSE National Index (Base: 1983-84 = 100). It comprised 100 stocks listed at five major stock exchanges in India Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Ahmedabad and Madras. The BSE National Bombay Stock Exchange Index was renamed BSE-100 Index from October 14, 1996 and since then, it is being calculated taking into consideration only the prices of stocks listed at BSE.BSE launched the dollar-linked version of BSE-100 index on May 22, 2006. With a view to provide a better representation of the increasing number of listed companies, larger market capitalization and the new industry sectors, BSE launched on 27th May, 1994 two new index series viz. , the ‘BSE200' and the ‘DOLLEX-200'. Since then, BSE has come a long way in attuning itself to the varied needs of †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 4/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ investors and market participants.In order to fulfill the need for still broader, segment-specific and sector-specific indices, BSE has continuously been increasing the range of its indices. BSE-500 Index and 5 sectoral indices were launched in 1999. In 2001, BSE launched BSE-PSU Index, DOLLEX-30 and the country's first free-float based index – the BSE TECk Index. Over the years, BSE shifted all its indices to the free-float methodology (except BSE-PSU index). BSE disseminates information on the Price-Earnings Ratio, the Price to Book Value Ratio and the Dividend Yield Perc entage on day-to-day basis of all its major indices.The values of all BSE indices are updated on real time basis during market hours and displayed through the BOLT system, BSE website and news wire agencies. All BSE Indices are reviewed periodically by the BSE Index Committee. This Committee which comprises eminent independent finance professionals frames the broad policy guidelines for the development and maintenance of all BSE indices. The BSE Index Cell carries out the day-to-day maintenance of all indices and conducts research on development of new indices. [9] Sensex correlation with emerging market indicesSensex is significantly correlated with the stock indices of other emerging markets[10][11] Awards The World Council of Corporate Governance has awarded the Golden Peacock Global CSR Award for BSE's initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The Annual Reports and Accounts of BSE for the year ended March 31, 2006 and March 31 2007 have been awarded the ICAI awards for excellence in financial reporting. The Human Resource Management at BSE has won the Asia – Pacific HRM awards for its efforts in employer branding through talent management at work, health management at work and excellence in HR through technologySee also Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers Clause 49 National Stock Exchange of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange List of South Asian stock exchanges References 1. ^ World-exchanges. org (http://www. world-exchanges. org) 2. ^ World-exchanges. org (http://www. world-exchanges. org) 3. ^ â€Å"BSE – Key statistics† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/st_key/list_cap_raised. asp) . Bseindia. com. http://www. bseindia. com/about/st_key/list_cap_raised. asp. Retrieved 2010-08-26. 4. ^ World Federation of Exchanges (2007) (http://www. world-exchanges. rg/publications/EQU1107. pdf) â€Å"World †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 5/6 9/27/2010 Bombay Stock Exchange – Wikipedia, th†¦ 5 . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Federation of Exchanges (2007)† ^ BSE website, (http://www. bseindia. com/about/st_key/list_cap_raised. asp) â€Å"Listing and Capital Raised† ^ Market Hours, Bombay Stock Exchange via Wikinvest ^ â€Å"BSEIndia† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/tech. asp) . BSEIndia. http://www. bseindia. com/about/tech. asp. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ â€Å"BSEIndia† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/bse30. asp) .BSEIndia. 2003-09-01. http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/bse30. asp. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ â€Å"BSEIndia† (http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/preface. asp) . BSEIndia. http://www. bseindia. com/about/abindices/preface. asp. Retrieved 2010-08-26. ^ â€Å"BSE SENSEX Index Chart – Yahoo! Finance† (http://finance. yahoo. com/echarts? s=%5EBSESN#chart1:symbol=^bsesn;range=my;compare=^gspc+eww+ewy;indicator=volume;charttype=line;cros shair=on;ohlcvalues=0;logscale=on;source=undefined) . Finance. yahoo. com. http://finance. yahoo. com/echarts? =%5EBSESN#chart1:symbol=^bsesn;range=my;compare=^gspc+eww+ewy;indicator=volume;charttype=line;cros shair=on;ohlcvalues=0;logscale=on;source=undefined. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ http://www. reutersindia. net/ Asia Technical Analysis with Phil Smith External links Official website (http://www. bseindia. com/) BSE to launch Sensex Futures in US (http://birlaa. com/2008/04/04/bse-to-launch-sensex-futures-trading-inus/) The Evolution Of Indian Stock Market (http://shareskool. com/articles/ViewArticle. inf? article=The+Evolution+Of+Indian+Stock+Market;article_Id=1) Retrieved from â€Å"http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange† Categories: Bombay Stock Exchange | Companies established in 1875 | Stock exchanges in India | Stock exchanges in Asia | Companies based in Mumbai This page was last modified on 25 September 2010 at 00:14. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. †¦wikipedia. org/†¦/Bombay_Stock_Exch†¦ 6/6

Onsumer behaviour and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Onsumer behaviour and decision making - Essay Example It is only a few decades back that consumer behavior emerged as a highly specialized area under marketing. â€Å"Consumer Behaviour is a branch which deals with the various stages a consumer goes through before purchasing products or services for his end use.† (Management Study Guide, 2012) There wasn’t the concept of consumer behavior when Ford started making their cars on assembly line. The only color that the customers could get then on the car was black. But as and when industrialization happened and more and more products came into the market, companies started focusing on the desire and need of the customers. This became more important with the beginning of globalization and when companies started cross border business. The concepts that the marketers were focusing on was market segmentation, targeting and positioning. But in the recent years, the marketing practitioners are puzzled about these concepts. They are doubtful whether these traditional concepts are val id for current marketing environment. The objective of this essay is to analyse the situation in the light of these concepts in the current environment and advise the marketers for the best way to approach customers. Traditional Marketing Practices Segmentation, targeting and positioning are three core concepts of traditional marketing practices. Marketers have been focusing on these concepts to the core of understanding the consumer behaviour and introducing products that the customers want. Segmentation: Market segmentation is the process of identifying and targeting the right customers. â€Å"It is about identifying the specific needs and wants of customer groups and then using those insights into providing products and services which meet customer needs.† (Riley, 2010) Marketers segment the market because the needs and wants differ from one customer to the other. But there definitely can be a group with common characteristics which is in other words called a segment. The most common kinds of segmentation are geographic, demographic, behavioural and psychographic. Geographic segmentation groups customers based on customer location and region. Demographic segmentation does it based on age, gender, occupation, and other demographic factors. Behavioural segmentation divides customers based on the customer behaviours and psychographic segmentation does it based on the personality and lifestyle of the customers. Debates have emerged recently regarding the relevance of market segmentation in the modern marketing environment. The behavioral aspects of customers are changing in such a way that they are not limited by the demographic, lifestyle, or other segmentation factors. An example for this is the initial failure of the world’s cheapest car Tata Nano. Tata segmented the market and targeted the Nano car to the common man. Least importance was given to value of the product. But when the car was actually launched in the market, it made terrible low s ales. When the company made a post launch market study, it was understood that the customers does not want a car that is of least value and the one that is tagged as a cheapest car. The company now revamped the car and entirely changed its marketing strategy and experienced success. (Cleveland, 2011) Targeting: Targeting is the activity that follows segmentation. Targeting is the process of aiming the market that has been identified through the segmentation process. â€Å"Target Marketing refers to a concept in marketing which

International Marketing models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Marketing models - Essay Example The three models can however not be applied independently. There is an overlap in their application with the business organizations currently leaning towards the polycentric model. International Business Part One Legal Issues Relating To Global Commerce International business involves trading within and without national boundaries. The fact that business spreads across different jurisdictions gives rise to legal issues especially because many times the laws across countries are not the same. There is therefore, the need to harmonize the laws. Some of the legal considerations in international trade include the following: Tariffs (Customs) and Quotas A tariff is a tax imposed on imports and exports within a jurisdiction. The amounts of tariffs charged by the government in-charge determine whether the investors would be able to invest in a particular jurisdiction or not. Many jurisdictions use the tariff rates as the bait to either attract or chase away investors. Charging high rates wo uld effectively discourage investment (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Quotas refer to the restriction of quantities to be imported or exported in a particular jurisdiction. Governments impose maximum limits of imports to protect their domestic industry mainly from inflation caused by unfavorable balance of trade. The governments may impose exports to caution the country from scarcity of commodities which would shoot demand high and consequently occasion inflation within the economies. The use of tariffs and quotas affect businesses as they have to toil within the agenda of a particular jurisdiction (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Antidumping and Transfer Pricing Laws Antidumping refers to rules against dumping. Dumping essentially refers to a situation where multinationals import goods of lesser quality and value into foreign jurisdictions. Governments have come out strongly against dumping as it defeats the ideals of trade and erodes the standards by perpetuating mediocrity ( Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Transfer pricing is a concept of taxation that concerns multinationals. Owing to the different taxation rates by different jurisdictions, multinationals exploit transfer pricing so as to tax their products within the lower taxation rates jurisdictions. Governments have come up with laws to prevent cases of tax avoidance and evasion under the guise of transfer pricing. Intellectual Property Rights International business recognizes intellectual property rights although the rights are granted within individual jurisdictions. These include copyrights, patents and trade secrets. Governments have been considerate enough to provide laws to enable innovators enjoy the fruits of their work through the intellectual property rights (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Sources and Forms of Political Risks Political risks refer to the effects the politics of the day in a particular jurisdiction has on the businesses within that jurisdiction. Political risks could be caused by the government, the people or the activities of competitors and non-governmental organizations. Governments mainly expropriate or nationalize companies in effect taking over the share ownership of the companies. The people may be at war creating un-conducive environments detrimental for business. Activists in the guise of protection of the environment or societal interests may render the business working environment

Course Project Part 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Course Project Part 2 - Coursework Example These two ground are enough to take up this project. Depreciation is a non cash expense and it is also tax deductible. The depreciation is first reduced from the operating income to get earnings before interest and taxes. The amount of depreciation deducted is then added back in the cash flow statements to get the operating cash flows. We know that the net present value is determined by the cash flows expected from the project therefore; this non cash expense eventually increases the cash flows of the project. Ultimately, the net present value of the cash flows will increase which is beneficial for the company. In addition to the above, a company which opts for straight line depreciation method will have equal positive cash flows every year. For example: Depreciation of $100,000 per year, with an income tax of 35%, saves $35,000 of taxes each year and that amount is accounted as a positive cash flow. This amount is also known as the depreciation tax shield. Sunk Cost is a sum of money which has already been spent and it is not recoverable. It is essential to understand because many people feel intuitively that if an investment is made then it is essential to get a return on it. This will lead to rejection of one course of action which favors the other one to actually generate smaller cash flows. One needs to understand that sunk costs are irrelevant to financial decisions. Opportunity cost is a profit that is forgone by not investing in a particular opportunity. This is particularly true when there are mutually exclusive projects and you have to choose the best out of two good projects. The profit forgone from not choosing the other project is your opportunity cost (Shim & Siegel, 2008). Erosion is the slow but sure redirection of funds from profitable sections or projects within a business to new project and areas. It is considered to be an investment in the long, money flowing in new

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Assignment 3 - Essay Example Great job satisfaction is something that most teachers do not experience especially those that lack formal responsibility. Based on the study the reason for this is because majority of the teachers do not embrace or engage themselves in some leadership training. Professional development activities that relate to leadership training help to train and equip all teachers with the required leadership capacity skills (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). Based on the study it is quite clear that any good and quality teacher leadership should be supported with collaborative school culture. There should be independent, adversarial or isolated relationship among teachers and also among the principals based on a traditional school setting. It is well noted that all school leaders should be aware of the fact that even though most adult relationships end up being thought of as social and superfluous such relationships may end up having influence on each aspect of the school. It is only when all adults tend to practice collaboration that the culture of that school can be a favourable condition for teacher leadership (Wiles & Bondi, 2004). With regards to the case study the principal is the only qualified person that can be able to facilitate the development of teachers with emphasis on their leadership skills. It is only when the principals in charge are well committed in ensuring that the aspect of collaborative culture is present that majority of the teachers will be able to give great contribution based on the set conditions. It is noted based on the research of the case study that majority of the teachers have been through professional situations that have focused on the legitimate power of principalship that has been regarded as intimidating. Principals that want the teachers under their guidance to be leaders must embrace the first step of ensuring that all the teachers are incorporated under

The importance of a film Do The Right Thing, directed by Spike Lee, in Essay

The importance of a film Do The Right Thing, directed by Spike Lee, in the world of independent American film of the Eighties and Nineties - Essay Example Now what is an independent film? An independent film is defined as a motion picture released by an autonomous film company which is not the part of the so-called â€Å"Big 6† or the top six film studios that monopolize the US and Canada movie market. Some people may not be sensitive about this when watching movies, but it should be noted that if the film is the one created by Warner Bros., then it’s been made by one of the â€Å"Big 6† companies. The others included in this list are the following: Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures, and Walt Disney Studios (Cieply, 2009). Throughout American film history, there have been sporadic attempts by independent film producers to create movies that are experimental, less formulaic and more offbeat in contrast to their contemporaries. However, it was only during the 1980s (and onwards) that independent films were able to gain that window of opportunity to make their presence being felt in the industry. It is taken for granted that producers of ‘Indie films’ (short for Independent films) work on a lower budget making these types of films but what makes them stand out from the others is the somewhat atypical story, or sometimes, it’s the treatment of the subject matter itself, which these types of films usually tackle. As one article states: â€Å"A films Indie label carries with it this mode of independence in storytelling where studios dare not go†¦ This risk-taking is beyond low-budget films, with high acclaim and no box-office, inspired by triumphant tales in independent filmmakingà ¢â‚¬  (Cangialosi, 2010). In a way, this reflects the rebellious nature of either the director or the producer of the film, which is somehow going against the tide or thinking outside the box. Nevertheless, this has tremendously, positively helped in uplifting the film industry to be more audacious and have more guts

Should the IMF attach conditions to the credits its extends to Essay

Should the IMF attach conditions to the credits its extends to developing countries - Essay Example It is a strategy to ensure that the loans are paid back as well as ensuring that the loans will be used effectively (Breen 3). The position that I take regarding the question or discussion at hand is that I support the IMF in attaching conditions to the credits it extends to the developing countries. The fact that if such conditions are not implemented the countries that have been lend the funds may fail to pay them back make me completely support the IMF in adopting such policy reforms that are in IMF conditionality agreements. My argument is that if the IMF does not implement conditionally norms when lending the developing countries loan, they might fail to use the funds effectively and for the given purpose. However, if they happen to use the loan for the initial purposes, they might not implement the economic policies that affirm the loan funded programs. In some sense, without these policy reforms the developing countries may become an aid independently. It means that if the IMF disburses loan on easy financial terms they will definitely expect recipients to be dully differential coefficient to their interest and advice. Lack of IMF to attach conditions in the developing countries, while they lending them loans will cause these countries to be completely dependent of the aid offered to them (Independent Evaluation Office 9). This is because cheap loans that do not have conditions contribute to the addicts’ dependence of financial agencies such as IMF as the solvent for a little performance and i nadequate domestic resource mobilization. The increase in variability of capital flows in the world and especially among the developing countries necessitates the adjustment of the IMF reform programs. Therefore, the need for conditionality agreement when lending out loans in order to restore a balanced capital account, which give greater weight of the financial sector soundness and the allowed exchange rate policy. However, the

Marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing communication - Essay Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Market Share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Target Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Review and Analy sis of the Communication Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Advertising†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Sales Promotion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Sponsorship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Direct Marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Personal Selling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Public Relations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Recommendation... Adidas and Nike are some of the vibrant brands that provide the sports clothing and foot ware in the United Kingdom (Roberts, 2001, pp. 170-172). These two major companies majorly use the retailers to be able to reach the vast market of United Kingdom. The retailers are widely spread out in all major and small towns and cities within UK and this provides a wider access to the market (Netherlands. Economische Voorlichtingsdienst. Bibliotheeken Documentatiecentrum, 1987, p. 35) Nike and Adidas have used several marketing tools to reach the market. There are several PESTEL factors that affect these tools, e.g., the environmental factors which determine the competition from the other brands and economic factors such as the decreasing inflation rates which determine the prices of the products and affect the marketing budget. Public relations are used as the companies cannot survive in isolation. These products are introduced to the public through the constant interaction with the customer s by the employees and different stake holders. Direct marketing is employed as the company needs to know and get feedback and responses from the consumers through e-mails and online buying concerning their feeling concerning the products. Sales promotion is another marketing tool that is used in rewarding the consumers. This creates an incentive for consumers to buy. This is done through the coupons, samples, free trials and illustrations. Advertising is used and it is more effective when done through the audio visual. Report Title: Date To: From: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background. Nike and Adidas are the major brands in the United Kingdom sporting and footwear industry. These major brands have been able to take up other

Exploring the Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring the Bible - Essay Example Exodus 3 depicts that God drew the attention of Moses out of the middle of the bush and calls him with name Moses. It can be stated from the above statement that God is aware of the name of every individual. Moreover, God said, â€Å"I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob†. It can be postulated from the Exodus 3 that Moses was afraid to explore the God and obscured his face (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†). From Exodus 3 God’s ability to observe the affliction and misery of His people can be reflected upon. Furthermore, the Exodus reveals the God’s inclination to save people from the Egyptians and bring them to a virtuous and broad land. Accordingly, it can be reflected that God is aware of the hardship and pain suffered by the people and He is firmly determined to eliminate those sufferings and to provide relief to them from the burden of affliction. God intends to take His people to virtuous land which has been described as â€Å"land flowing with milk and honey† (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†. God said to Moses, He would take them to the dwelling of â€Å"the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites† (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†. The God reveals His concern against the oppression experienced by Israelites. From the above passage, th e God’s nature can be identified to be extremely patient, merciful and sovereign over all the facets (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†; People’s Church Partington, â€Å"EXODUS 3 – 4:17†). In this regard, God can be identified to be patient as He being aware of the sufferings of His people and His invincible power to relief His people at a single instance, does not haste in His action to bring His people out of the oppression by Egyptians. Moreover, nature of God can be termed as merciful because He is concerned about the hardship and affliction of His people. Last but not the least, God can be considered as sovereign over all the facets as He has the power to perform any action without any fear or objection. 2. ACCORDING TO THIS SECTION OF EXODUS (ESPECIALLY CHAPTERS 5-12), WHY DOES GOD BRING THE VARIOUS â€Å"PLAGUES† UPON THE EGYPTIANS? CITE SPECIFIC PASSAGES THAT EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE FOR THESE PLAGUES (TAKEN T OGETHER). ACCORDING TO THE BIBLICAL AUTHOR, DO THE PLAGUES ACCOMPLISH THEIR PURPOSES? WHY OR WHY NOT? FINALLY, DEVELOP A RESPONSE: WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS? When Moses and Aaron departed to Pharaoh of Egypt and said that the God of Israel has said to release the Israelites so that they are able to hold veneration to God in the wilderness then Pharaoh denies and said, â€Å"who is the Lord and why should I obey him† (BibleGateway.com, â€Å"Exodus 3 (American Standard Version)†; People’s Church Partington, â€Å"EXODUS 3 – 4:17†). Pharaoh further declared that he does not know the God and he would not allow the people belonging to Israel to go. On hearing this, Moses returned to the God and said, â€Å"

What Are the Challenges That Face a Psychotherapist Working with Self-Harm or Eating Disorders Essay Example for Free

What Are the Challenges That Face a Psychotherapist Working with Self-Harm or Eating Disorders Essay I begin this study by assessment of the presenting problem and significant issues pertaining to his mental health state at this point in time. Mr G is at present suffering from depression. Due to the depression he will have a lack of motivation, self neglect, low self esteem, and at times hopelessness, and helplessness. He will possibly have anxiety, which, due to his fatigue with his illness, will be exacerbated because of the stress reaction and increase in adrenalin. This will cause him to be exhausted and possibly in need of sleep most of the time. His self esteem issues will have an impact on his relationship with his wife due to the fact that he will become more reliant on her. This will make him feel disempowered. Mr G will have to get used to the idea that his wife has to care for him more, and this will have an impact on his own personal values and beliefs. Within their relationship there may be frustration from both parties, but there might not be opportunity to discuss such issues because of the embarrassment or depression that Mr G has at present, or it may be that doesn’t happen in their relationship whereby they discuss their feelings and emotions. Due to the stress surrounding these issues, Mr G finds the impact of this affects the sexual part of their relationship and now has a dysfunction causing him more distress and making him feel a failure. He doesn’t feel he can become intimate with his wife because of this factor and feels there is a large part of their relationship missing at present. All these factors become heightened at times, making the depression more intense, leaving him feeling vulnerable and worthless. Before looking at a care plan for Mr G, I need to assess the importance of all these issues and how they impact on him as a person. Then using my theoretical knowledge put those in order of preference to enable Mr G begin to take control of his life and increase his self worth. As a therapist I would begin to explore the relationship Mr G has with his wife and how he sees the relationship. Mr G will have his own thoughts and pre conceptions as to how she sees the relationship but he may not have explored that with his wife. The therapist at this point has to remain neutral as it would be easy to collude with the client with their presenting issues. The therapist is there to support the client and help the client explore and evaluate the relationship for themselves. We may begin by looking at the balance of the relationship. I would use the `set of scales? theory to explore this. Mr G would have to identify where the relationship was on a set of scales. Would the balance be even or would one side be higher than the other? Who is putting most energy into the relationship? Was one person more committed than the other? Is there equity in the relationship? By using this method I would gain insight as to the issues concerning Mr G and if they were negative statements because of his depression or self defeating in context, or if Mr G has communication problems with his wife or other issues. This would help with his explorations with his perceptions of the presenting issues or self awareness of how he alone sees the problem and the evidence he has to back up the thought s he is having. The therapist can also talk through with the client their perceptions of their own contributory factor to the present problem with the relationship which is very important to regain empowerment. As a therapist working with only one person in the relationship may not bring about great change but explorations with the one party can make that person look at the relationship and challenge or discuss with their partner the changes that need to come into play to enable the couple to function together, making their relationship more whole, each being aware of how the other one thinks, behaves, and knows each other’s likes and dislikes, their needs and beliefs, and in harmony with each other. My parents have this wholeness between them and are in a situation like that of Mr G. My father is disabled and relies on the use of a wheelchair and relies on mum to care for him. Their wholeness allows them to have a relationship which is special and one which most people comment on because the contentment and dedication to each other becomes very apparent when around them. In some relationships this wholeness can never be, due to the fact that trust is missing from the relationship, and trust is paramount to any relationship. Statistics say that 80% of marriages suffer due to one party or the other having an affair. There is still widespread belief that monogamy is natural and expected in marriages and in committed relationships, however, that doesn’t stop some from engaging in affairs. But why do they? One of the main reasons is they are not getting their needs met in their relationship. People become bored within the relationship, they may have a need to feel attractive to others, or they may not feel attractive to their partner. In some parts of society men feel they are not real men if they turn down the advances of a female. Some people find it hard, if not impossible committing to one person. Some people are thrill seekers and have affairs because they cannot pass up an opportunity for a thrill. A person may not be in love with their partner but fall in love with someone else. For some people with low self esteem when they meet someone who appears to care about them it’s a way of increasing their self esteem. As well as these factors there may be other issues that drive people to having affairs. The affairs can cause scandal and excitement in the media, as we are all enthralled by the affairs of the famous and powerful. This could encourage people to enter into affairs of their own. As we grow and reach puberty we are often not in receipt of suitable education around sex and relationship issues which can lead to some people not being able to talk openly about sex with their partners. In order to avoid affairs the couple need to be honest with each other, not slip into complacency in the relationship, and keep the relationship alive by communicating with each other about all aspects of the relationship in order to build a close emotional and sexual foundation within the relationship. In the case of Mr G, once we know how he sees the relationship with his wife, we would have a good understanding of how the equality is within the relationship from his perspective. As I have said previously his awareness of the relationship and his contributions within it will be a place to begin work and exploration. If the relationship has equality and wholeness there will be no evidence for Mr G that he is not contributing in a good way to the relationship. His negative thoughts towards the relationship will be unfounded in this case. Mr G will have great self esteem issues due to his sexual dysfunction and his age will play a big part in that too. As we get older we have to accept that some parts of our bodies begin to show signs of weakness and wear and tear, and in relationships, harmony, support, understanding, companionship and love of an unconditional nature all play a big part. If these are in place there may be very little need for sexual desires to take over and become as important as it may have done in teenage years. The sexual desires can be explored with the couple and referral to sex therapy may be the answer depending on the couple and their perspective on the problems. It may e that just cuddling, heavy petting and general physical contact within the relationship is what may be lacking. Once a physical disability is diagnosed that person may begin to feel helpless and not worthy of anything. Their negativity may escalate to the point that they don’t see or feel that life is worth living, as what is described in the case of Mr. G. A therapist has to try and get the client focused on what they can do with slight changes within their lifestyle rather than what they can’t do. When looking at this the first hurdle is acceptance of their disability. During this process the therapist will work on self esteem issues and acceptance of them as a person from within. The acceptance of the way their life may have changed since the disability plays a big part in their attitude and mental state towards their immediate future. A person who feels negative and unable to function may want to withdraw from society, will have low mood if not addressed, leading to clinical depression, will procrastinate and neglect themselves, all of which a therapist will address within the counselling sessions. In addressing these issues the client will begin to see a future and look towards it with a more positive attitude. The relationship between Mr. G and his wife and her attitude towards him and his disability will have great impact during this process, and it may need to be suggested that she seeks counselling in her own right to address issues she may have, to enable the couple to eventually work together. It may be they need couple counselling but to enable this to work successfully addressing their own personal issues beforehand will be a way forward with this. Looking at a ? time map` can help with both parties. The client can map out their emotional stressors and look into their partners stressors throughout life and it allows exploration of these stressors and the effects offlife events. When we look at sexual relationships and intimacy within the couple there are many factors to consider. The communication between each other about their individual sexual needs may be something they find difficult to discuss. It may be their upbringing is different causing problems later in life. When I look at my relationship with my husband communication plays a big part in our marriage but something which causes most problems. My husband carries core beliefs that we keep things between ourselves and problems encountered are kept within close family not discussed with extended family. I hold core beliefs that families go through things together and support each other without being judgemental. My family have always been open about their problems and share them together. These discrepancies can cause problems. Looking back at the case study Mr G may have core beliefs different to Mrs G causing problems and preventing them from discussing their sexual difficulties due to their upbringing and beliefs interjected by their parents and maybe similar problems, around not discussing certain issues including sexual relationships within a couple. Intimate problems should be discussed without prejudice or judgement and the couple should aim to discuss this in an adult manner without taking things out of context or as a personal criticism. Mr G could be blaming himself for his body not reacting to stimuli when Mrs G is not doing anything to make the stimulus happen. One partner may not want sexual intimacy but more kissing and cuddles. All these things have to be discussed between the couple in order to make the relationship work. Factors and life changes like operations, changes in medication, mental health difficulties grief and loss, stress and general fatigue can all affect the sexual drive and if not discussed between the couple can cause misinterpretation with regards to how one person feels towards the other creating disharmony. Couple therapy can help with these issues if the couple find it hard to converse with each other for whatever reason but the onus is on the counsellor to explore and make sure it’s what both parties want or else it may cause friction and the counselling becomes non productive. When couples go to a counsellor with sensitive or intimate problems the counsellor has to be both mindful and broadminded. As long as the couple both agree to the act and give each other consent to the specific behaviours then it will be part of their intimate and physical relationship. Any dysfunction then may need exploration and possible referral to qualified sex therapist who is experienced in such matters. Psychotherapy may help initially. With the exploration during this process the therapist has to check with the client that they have discussed the problem with their G. P and that there is no medical problem preventing sexual function. Also the client needs to be aware that an expectant success rate for erectile dysfunction is generally around 85%. During the counselling process the therapist will discuss what the client perceives as a fully functional sexual encounter. For some people they may need to adjust their perceptions on this. It is not essential for a women to have orgasm at each sexual encounter but their partner may well feel they have not concluded a satisfying encounter without an orgasm being present for a women. An important step in therapy is often to take the pressure away from the need for conclusive penetrative sex and concentrate on other forms of stimulation and pleasure with the consent of both parties. Men may want to go down the medication route to address their erectile dysfunction but this doesn’t allow exploration of other psychological issues which may be preventing resolution of the problem. Research has indicated that the best quality sex is experienced in married couples even though it is considered by society to represent a routine and boring way to indulge in sexual gratification. Men are thought to be at their sexual peak between the ages of 16-22yrs. As men age this youthful sexual functioning begins to change into a mature way of being. It becomes pleasure not performance orientated. Sex now comes with emotional intimacy, eroticism and spiritual union that were absent before. The sexual part of the relationship brings pleasure and there becomes a greater bond between couples as they become more committed to each other. When reading this I began to think of my parents and how committed they are to each other. They have such a strong bond and concrete relationship. They share everything, their thoughts and feelings, and are so open and honest in their relationship with each other. They have no barriers with each other. They joke about their sexual incapability’s due to both of them having physical problems but the harmony between them is such that they have no embarrassments, and are free to discuss exactly what is on their mind with no one taking offence. They sort every problem they may have had in their relationship by talking and being open and honest with each other and resolving it before going to bed that evening. A core belief of my parents is they never ever go to sleep on an argument, and they never do. Maybe if more couples spoke to each other about their problems in relationships and had this special bond with each other whereby they could trust and not be worried about offending their partner there wouldn’t be the need for so much couple counselling or people having affairs to give them what is missing from their current relationship. In the case of Mr G maybe the key to the way he may be feeling at present is communicate more with his wife. He may need to look at his own negativity and how that manifests itself within the relationship and look at reframing his thoughts about his sexual unctioning. i. e. `I am afraid to have sexual contact with my wife in case I let her down by not having the ability to have an erection? to `I know my wife will understand if I don’t have the ability to gain an erection and we can use other methods to gain sexual fulfilment and be close to each other?. After work on his self esteem this will become easier. The client needs to decide whether to inform his partner of the changes they want to make in order to address their mental health at this present time or the things their partner can do to help. Small achievable goals have to be put in place to enable the client to make changes at an appropriate level. Mr G would probably have a plan looking a little like this to work through. If I was the therapist working with Mr G I would present this to Mr G as a pie chart giving Mr G the chance to choose which he felt he needed to work through first giving him autonomy and empowerment to take charge of his life giving him self worth and a focus in his life. Identification of presenting problems, Acceptance of lifestyle changes needed to accommodate recent physical health problems Being aware of contributing factors that can affect mood and cause depressive symptoms, and to explore these factors including suicidal ideation and risk factors. Understanding anxiety and how to be mindful of his anxiety levels Addressing procrastination and setting small goals Looking into relationship difficulties and sexual problems Looking towards future goals and support networks for both him and his wife. Explore options for future aspirations as a couple including holidays and things they can do together given deterioration in Mr G, s physical wellbeing. This Plan would hopefully give Mr G insight into his presenting problem, and, depending on the work I would be completing, and which piece of pie I would be working through, would determine my approach in therapy. At the beginning of counselling a person centred approach is important, and allowing the client a safe space to discuss their problems is paramount. With the core conditions set down, the client has the safe space and this approach will develop naturally. When looking at the history of a client, and how their past events may influence the present, working in a psychodynamic way would help the client explore their core beliefs and thinking patterns. A c. b. t. model may be helpful when challenging negative thoughts, reframing, and assessing anxiety levels. This model will also be very useful when looking and working with future goals. I feel there is a lot of support we can offer Mr G with his problems. What initially is presented as a big problem, can be explored and broken down into segments, each segment can then be used to work towards a more manageable and successful resolution.

The use of water Essay Example for Free

The use of water Essay The use of water has been steadily increasing recently all around the world. Some of the reasons that account for this are due to the improvement of living standards, population expansion and human activities including but not limited to, agriculture, industrial and personal-use like, cooking, washing of cars and clothes. In Kuwait for example, the consumption rate of water increased rapidly specially after the discovery of oil in the 1930s. One can just imagine how a small country with a size of 17,820 km2 and a population of 2,505,559 (around 1,291,354 are non-Kuwaiti citizens) has seen tremendous rate of increase in water. Kuwait, consisting of flat desert with arid soil, little or no irrigation water and harsh climate is located in the Middle East region and is characterized by its hot climate in summer with high evaporation rate (long season), and another nearly cold climate season, winter, with a small rate of rain (short season). In the past, Kuwait counted on rain water found on the surface in shallow wells because there was no other water source. After some time, in 1905, a large fresh water capacity well was discovered in Hawally area. However all of those wells were no longer sufficient because of the increasing growth of population and the small rate of seasonal rain. Accordingly, Shaat Al-Arab (in Iraq) was the alternative solution at that time utilizing dhows (special ships) that brought fresh water which were stored in tanks. Thus, a primitive network for distribution was established. After the first oil shipment was effected in 1946, the wealth age of Kuwait began and from then Kuwait had to look for alternative industrial solutions. Two of the main concerns orf the government involved available water and electricity for the country’s development and construction expansion. In fact the water consumption in Kuwait is divided into two main parts, fresh water from desalination plants, and brackish water which usually come from groundwater. Both of them are delivered to households, farms, irrigation and industrial facilities but in separate pipes. However, brackish water delivers only two days per week (specific days for each town). Brackish water is distributed through network pipe lines which are parallel to the fresh water distribution line and is provided from the main distribution water system. It is used for blending with distilled water, irrigation and landscaping as well as for house-hold purposes, livestock watering and construction work, while the fresh water is for the human use. Moreover, the brackish water is distributed for consumers for free (free of charge). The consumption of both types of water has increased because of the growth of population and lifestyle development especially when the oil was discovered and Kuwait became a developed rich country. News released by (†¦) states that the Ministry of Electricity and Water indicated the need of new desalination plants which aim at producing 375 million imperial gallons per day due to the increase of the water consumption. There were also reports that in the final quarter of 2006, freshwater distribution was lower than the estimated consumption. The minister also noted that the consumption of fresh water in November 2006 was around 303. 6 Million Imperial Gallons (MIG) and in 2005 of the same month it was at 279. 6 MIG. Going back to the fifties, it is to be noted that the population of Kuwait was only ten thousand then and it reached around two million during the nineties which resulted in an increase of water consumption. Specifically, in 1957, the consumption of fresh water was 648 MIG and increased to 6638 MIG in 1970. In 1989 it reached 47605 MIG but it has decreased due to the Iraqi invasion in 1991 to 30814 MIG. The consumption of fresh water is gradually increasing since 1992 and reached 67464 MIG in 1996. For more details, the consumption rate until year 2005 is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: shows the gross consumption and the daily average consumption of fresh water from 1988 to 2005. On the other hand, 527 MIG was the consumption of brackish water in 1957, and then it went up to 9750 MIG in 1980 and increased in 1989 to 17998 MIG. The fresh water consumption decreased in 1991 due to the Iraqi invasion, brackish water consumption has decreased for the same reason to 1669 MIG. Since 1992, brackish water consumption is increasing and has reached 19697 MIG in 1994. There was a slight decrease due to the change in supply system in 1995 to 15957 MIG. The consumption of brackish water in 1996 has increased again to 17875 MIG. For more details, the consumption rate until year 2005 is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: shows the gross consumption of brackish water from 1989 to 2005. Most of the consumers received the two types of water by the distribution network but some of them were received by car-based tanks (tanks) specially the new towns that did not get the distribution network service yet. The distribution network makes the consumption rate higher and easier because of the availability of water while consumers from tanks have limited water. The consumption of both types of water usually increases in summer due to the arid location, very hot climate and dust during the season resulting in the need for more cleaning, cooling and irrigation, etc. For more details, the consumption rate per month for year 2004 and 2005 is shown in figure 3 (fresh water) and 4 (brackish water). Figure 3: shows the production and consumption of water monthly for year 2004 and 2005. Figure 4: shows the production and consumption of brackish monthly for year 2004 and 2005. Agriculture has not been a priority compared to other sectors of development. According to the weakness of natural resources and the availability of fresh water, Kuwait’s agriculture used to get water from the brackish groundwater or some fresh water wells (very rare and some are human made) in some places such as, Al Abdily, Al Wafra and Fontas. Since the introduction desalination plants and the improvement done to the distribution networks, agriculture has developed and expanded. Farms in Al Wafra and Al Abdily became the highest water consumers in Kuwait. These farms are divided into two sections: †¢ Private farms which consumes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¢ Government farms which consumes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Meanwhile, irrigation for planting streets, decorating roads, deck dress towns and public parks are also expanding in Kuwait. Some of these plants are irrigated by a specific distribution system, drip irrigation and others by water tanks. Kuwait is regarded as a non industrial country compared with other countries like USA or Japan but it has some minor industrial facilities. Most of its products are produced from oil such as those from plastic, aluminium, and the most important manufacturing part. It must be noted that Kuwait is one of the biggest countries in producing oil for exportation. Oil derivatives are used to cover public needs such as, pesticides, benzine, diesel, plastic, blacktop etc. This makes the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) as the company with the greatest water consumption section when compared with other industrial facilities. In 1951, the consumption of water was 80000 G/d for the KOC. Currently, the production of oil is around 2. 5 million barrels per day and this means the need for water required for oil processes such as cooling systems, cleaning, pumping and many others. Due to the growth in oil production, the mount water needed has increased sharply compared to the one consumed in the fifties. However, in the past, technology was not as developed as now, and currently part of the water used by the KOC comes from the oil production wells themselves. In contrast, while the oil is pumped out, water comes out as well but this water is usually very acidic (effluent). This water is first treated to reduce its acidity to a level close to the sea water level otherwise it can be harmful to the environment. The water is then pumped back to the ground in order to create enough pressure to push the oil up. When the amount of this effluent water is not enough, additional amount of water (sea water) is used to maintain such pressure. In some cases, average quality water is also produced; this water is treated and used for cooling systems and cleaning. Another source of water consumption is the desalination factories where they use non-negligible amount water for cleaning and cooling system in order to continue their processes (see figure 5). Figure : shows the water consumption inside the desalination plants in 2005. The consumption for households is the largest among all and is the priority concern in Kuwait. Since Kuwait became one of the richest countries, the lifestyles of most of the people there have completely changed. For example, people in Kuwait own big houses and the average number of bathrooms in each house is approximately six and around five cars per house (2-3 cars for people in each apartment). Additionally, the prices of water became very cheap compared with the income of each person. Furthermore, a statement released by (†¦) says that Kuwaiti people wash their cars daily for at least four days a week. Clearly, these reasons will result in more consumption of water besides the hot, dry season and dust storms in summer. Therefore, the consumption of water in summer is more than in winter because of the dust which needs more cleaning (the house, cars, cloths, more showering etc) and cooling for the very hot climate. It is to be noted that most of the houses in Kuwait have gardens (average size of 8 x 6 meters), and this means more water is needed for gardens’ irrigation. In 1960, the mean consumption was 4851 IG per capita and this has further increased in 1970 to 9252 IG. In 1980 it reached 16734 IG, then it increased to 29583 IG in 1992 and in the year 2000 it was 36931 GI. In 2005, the mean per capita consumption was 37279 GI which estimated as one of the highest in the world. Figure 6: shows the consumption of fresh water per capita from 1985 to 2005. The increase in consumption is largely due to the residential areas in Kuwait which have introduced piped water, together with the increase of population and the development of new residential areas. Finally, the consumption of freshwater per capita has reached its saturation levels. Conclusion It is evident that water consumption in Kuwait has increased rapidly in recent years as compared to the past two decades. It has been considered one of the current major concerns since the consumption has been very high as compared with the country size and population. The increase of water consumption is due to several factors. One of these is the discovery of oil in 1991 which made Kuwait one of the richest country, having more facilities and activities most of which are water-based such as big gardens and swimming pools and artificial aqua. Although it has decreased in 1991 due to the Iraqi invasion, it gained momentum and started to increase rapidly again after the war. Water consumption has also increased due to the increase of agriculture and industrial activities.

Data Protection Act 1998

Data Protection Act 1998 Abstract The focus of this report is to explain the requirements imposes of Data Protection Act 1998. The 1998 act affects to all people who uses information or data about other individuals Business. The DPA 1998 covers from the initial collection of data through its final deletion or destruction. The main term used in the IT industry is Data Processing which is extremely wide and it can be either usage of data, alteration of data, retrieval, data transmission or destruction of data. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Data Protection Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament [1] which came into force early in 1999 and replaced the Data Protection Act 1984. The Act defines law on the processing data of living people. It is one of the main laws of legislation that governs the protection of personal data. Under this act, those who manage or use personal information have to follow rules or principles that are defined in the DPA. It also provides rights to individuals over their personal information. Some of the individual rights under DPA include access, compensation and the prevention of processing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basic principle of DPA is protecting privacy and a way in which each individual can control information about them. Also it defines a way in which organisations should carry their marketing strategy, through any communication media. Most of the act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping personal address book. Well, if anyone holds personal data for other purpose he should follow this Act. The DPA also ensures that the data controller or the computer bureau will be liable for processing operation against the DPA Principles. The History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Data Protection Act 1984 was introduced in UK legislation to provide special protection to individuals. The Act was adopted by the European Parliament after a lengthy discussion sessions. They adopted a proposal for a directive on the processing of personal data and on the transfer of such data. Certain protections where given in scenario where the personal information relating to them was handled, such as large business organisations and in emerging information technology. Data given from one party to another party may only be used for the specific purpose it was disclosed for. The data should be only kept for a limited period of time and must not be disclosed to other party without the authorisation of data owner. The term Processing and Personal data had a great impact in transformation during the DPA 1984. The Personal data covers both the data in electronic and manual form. And the term Processing became wide in such a way that nothing could b e carried out in relation to personal data under this definition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Data Protection Registrar was the regulatory authority who oversees the implementation and functionality of the act. Later it was followed up by the Data Protection Act 1998, which is an implementation of European Union Directive 95/46/EC. In DPA 1998 it renamed the Data Protection Registrar to Data Protection Commissioner. The functionality of Data Protection Commissioner is to ensure the compliance by publics by taking the necessity steps. The current Information Commissioner is Richard Thomas, he has the authority to inform parliament directly. The other function of commissioner is to provide guidance, promote good practice which falls under the Act. It also provides helpline services by phone or written request. The commissioner also acts like a legal adviser to the data controllers and has developed issued many documents for the data controller for implementing and interpretation of their duties. Some of the documents include: Code of Practice for CCTV users; Code of Practice on Employment Practices, which include codes on Recruitment and Selection; Records Management; Monitoring at Work and Medical Information about the employees. Code of Practice on Telecommunications Directory Information and Fair Processing. The Principles of DPA 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The DPA 1998 contains eight data protection principles in relation to the processing of personal data. They are Personal data should be processed fairly and lawfully. Personal data should only be obtained for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and it should not be further processed in any manner incompatible with these purposes. Personal data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they were collected or processed. Personal data should be accurate and where necessary kept up to date. Personal data should not be kept longer than is needed for its intended purpose. Personal data should be processed in accordance with the rights of the individual which the information concerns. Appropriate technical measures should be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing or destruction of personal data and against accidental loss or destructionor damage to personal data. Personal data should not be transferred outside the European Economic Area unless that country ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The First Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first data protection principle says that Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless At least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and In the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first principle, by fairly and lawfully it means that any processing of personal data must be allowed by common law. Fair processing states that any all the processing must be fair without any misleading. The processing should be carried out without any deception. The important point of view of the first principle is obtaining and disclosing personal data, which covers the whole life cycle of personal data used by the data controller. The data controller should have legitimate reasons for collecting and processing the personal data and should not use the data in such a way that have unjustified adverse effects on the individual concerned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Lawful processing also defines that the data subjects should be provided with information during the time of collecting the data, on why and how their data are being processed. This information is provided in the Fair Processing Notice. The notice should include the basic information given below: The identity of the data controller who process the personal data. The purposes for which the personal data are intended to be processed. To whom the personal data may be disclosed to, for example, a government department or agency. And any further information regarding the processing, to ensure the subject, that the data controller does not do anything unlawful with the data. Conditions to be Satisfied for Fair Processing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to the Fair Processing Notice, there are some more conditions that should be met. The conditions are listed in Schedule 2 of the Act. There are six conditions for processing personal data in Schedule 2; the personal data should not be processed unless one of the conditions is met. Schedule 2 conditions The data subject has given his consent for processing. If it is for performing or entering a contract with the data subject. The data controller is under a legal obligation, other than under contract For the purpose of protecting the vital interest of the data subject. It is for the administration of justice, exercising functions under an enactment, exercising of government functions, or the exercise of any other functions of a public nature in the public interest It is for the pursuit of the legitimate interests of the data controller. In the case of sensitive personal data, one of the conditions in Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 must also be met for Fair Processing. Schedule 3 Conditions explicit consent has been given by the data subject it is for the exercise of rights or obligations in connection with employment it is to protect the vital interests of the data subject or anyone else it is part of the legitimate activity of a not for profit organisation the personal data have already been made public by the data subject it forms part of legal proceedings, including obtaining legal advice, and exercising or defending legal rights it is for the administration of justice, or exercising functions under an enactment, or exercising of government functions it is for medical purposes it is for the purpose of monitoring equality of opportunity The Second Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Second Principle Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes, explains the requirement for specifying the purpose for which it obtains the personal data. It also means that, the organisation who obtains the personal data should clearly specify the reason to the ICO, why they are collecting and what they intend to do with the personal data. The organisation should also notify the process to the Information Commissioner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The data controller can send privacy notices regarding the process to make it more effective. Privacy notices are generally given at the time of collecting personal data. Data controller should also need to get prior consent to use or disclose the personal data for the purpose other than he originally obtained for. The Third Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third principle of the Data Protection Act states three conditions or requirements to the data controller. The data controller should not obtain any more personal data than they need for the processing nor they should discard any personal data. The data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive. Also the data controller is not authorised to process whatever information he likes about the individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third principle also states that the data controller should identify the minimum required information on each individual to fulfil their purpose. Only in certain cases he can hold additional information about certain individuals for the processing. A simple example for this is a surgeon before performing a surgery he should know about the patient medical conditions, such as his medical history, his habits (like drinking, smoking etc), information from medical checkups. If the patient has to undergo a major heart operation, the surgeon will also look upon patient family members medical history also. If the parents have asthma, blood pressure, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In organisation the same process is taking place in a different manner during the recruitment process. The employees are asked same in depth question regarding their personal information. The third principle is strongly linked to the first principle. Processing of personal data which is inadequate, irrelevant or excessive is unfair to the data subject. The first principle requires fairness in processing. The excessive information can be something that the organisation keeps for certain conditions, like in a manufacturing factory they will keep the blood group of their entire employee who works in a hazardous environment and this information is needed only in case of accidents. Such information are likely to be irrelevant and excessive for the rest of the employees. The Fourth Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Act says that Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Once the data controller overcomes the first and second principles of DPA, the next main fact to consider is the data quality, in which accuracy plays the main role. There are two obligations in the fourth principle that should be taken care off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, the data should be accurate. The data controller should take necessary steps to ensure the accuracy of data in regard to the purpose for which it is collected and further processed. Incomplete information will be inaccurate if it misleads. Even though if the actual given data happens to be true, there will be a misleading if the two data subjects are identical. In such cases more information will be needed to keep it more accurate for the data controller to identify. If the data controller makes decision on the result of inaccurate processed data, then he will be breaking the first data protection principle which indicates the strong link between accuracy and fairness in data processing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, the data controller should also see that the personal data are kept up-to-date. This condition depends upon the case where personal data are subjected to repeated use for a long period of time. In such cases data controller has to take more review on personal data. If the data subject notifies the data controller that the data is inaccurate, then he should ensure the changes are made to the data to keep it up-to-date.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a data subject suspects that the information held about him is inaccurate, he will have to see the personal data which the data controller holds. The data subject can make an access request under section 7, for accessing a copy of his personal data held by the data controller. If the court is satisfied with the data subject, then the court may order the data controller to rectify, block, erase, or destroy the personal data. If the processing had caused damage to the data subject then the court will order to give compensation. The Fifth Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Fifth Act says that Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. The data controller should review, for how long the personal data is retained. He shall also retain the data for performing purpose other than the original purpose for which it was obtained. The main element of the fifth principle is to show the reason for which the personal data is held. If the data controller fails to show a sufficient reason for holding the data then, he should get rid of the data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the personal data is kept for a long time there is a chance that the information will go out of date causing error. It also becomes difficult to ensure that the information is accurate. Even if the information is no more needed, the data controller should make sure that it is held securely. Reviewing personal data regularly and deleting those no longer needed is a good practice. The data that should be retained must be archived or put offline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The personal data are retained only in certain scenarios depending upon the current and future scope of the information. Major concerned things for retaining data are the cost, liability and risks for retaining the personal information. The Sixth Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sixth DPA principle says that Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this Act [9]. The sixth principle gives rights to the individual in respect of personal data the organisation hold about them. Under this principle certain rights for individual are mentioned they are: Access to personal data. Preventing process likely to cause damage or distress. Prevent direct marketing. Automated decision making. Correcting inaccurate personal data. Compensation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Access to personal data is commonly referred to as subject access. It is created by section 7 of the DPA. This is mostly used by data subjects who want to see the copy of personal data which the organisation holds about them. The data subjects are entitled only to their own data. By giving a written request an individual is entitled to know whether any personal data is being processed. The organisation should also inform him the reasons it is being processed and whether it will be given to any other organisation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second right says that the data subject can demand the organisation to stop the processing if it causes damage or distress to the data subject. The individual can write an objection stating the damage or distress faced by them to the data controller. This is called Objection to processing. The objection should clearly specify the effect of processing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, consider the scenario where a person is refused a job in an manufacturing company because the company came to know from a third party that the man is unsuitable for job because he was one among the trade union activists. The third party will be having a blacklist containing names of people who are unsuitable to be employed in a manufacturing company. The suffering person can write to the data controller who maintains the blacklist and ask him to remove his name from the list. He can show that he is suffering damage and distress because of this processing. In this case the data controller should cease processing the persons information and respond to his mail within 21 days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The data subjects also have the right to prevent their data being processed for Direct Marketing. They can give an objection to processing to halt the usage of their data for direct marketing. Direct marketing includes junk mails that are not addressed to a particular person but to the occupier. For example, mails posted through every letter box in a street, like leaflets, shop advertisements, etc. The direct marketing does not just refer to selling items to customers but also includes promotions and campaigns. The data subject may ask the organisation to delete these details from database. But it is preferable to suppress the personal data. Suppressing involves just retaining only enough information about the customers. It also ensures that the organisation not sends marketing to people who have asked not to and helps retaining individual information in the database.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Data subjects also have the right to inform the data controller, not to make automated decision using their personal data and can ask to reconsider the decision taken by automated means. The data controller should inform the data subject when such a situation is taken. These types of decision are taken without any human intervention. For example, consider a person who transfers his cash from one account to other and the transfer gets declined automatically. This might have happened because the individuals information did not match the pre-defined criteria in the automated system. He may undertake manual process to do the transfer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the fourth principle the data should be accurate. If the data is inaccurate, the data subject has the right to apply the court for releasing an order to block, rectify, erase or destroy the inaccurate information. The court may investigate whether this statement is true or not. If the individual has suffered from damage or distress then he will be awarded compensation. The Seventh Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The seventh DPA ensures the security of personal data undergoing process. The principle says that Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. This principle is often called security principle. The data controller should take proper care of data which he holds not accidentally or deliberately compromise. He should also need to design and organise the security to fit to the process. Also make sure about the person in his organisation that is responsible for the data information security. The data controller should adopt appropriate measures against Unauthorised processing of personal data. Unlawful processing of personal data. Accidental destruction, damage or loss to personal data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technical measures/security includes the use of passwords and other authentication techniques, encryption and anti-virus software to detect malwares. . He should also ensure to keep up to date with the development of security technologies, make sure that well trained and reliable staffs with robust physical and technical security are used. As a part of notification process the data controller should describe the Information Commissioner about the security arrangements made in the organisation to keep the personal data. The Eight Data Protection Principle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eighth DPA says that Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the EEA unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The data controller requires informing individuals about the disclosure of their personal data to other overseas parties. Before making the data transfer to a third party, the data controller should consider whether he can achieve his aims without processing the original data and there should be some substantive processing conducted on the personal data in the third country. The condition will not apply in the case where it is not possible to identify individuals from the information. In this type of cases the data controller are free to transfer the information outside the EEA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A transfer is said to have occurred when the personal data is send to other country. If the data controller puts the personal data on a website will often results in data transfer to other countries outside the EEA. The transfer occurs when someone outside the EEA access the website. The data controller should also consider the fact that a transfer occurs while putting personal data on websites and sees whether it is fair for the concerned data subject. Currently, there are no restrictions on personal data transfer to EEA countries. They are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The European Commission will also undergo a case to case assessment of the level of protection affordable by the third country. All the circumstances surrounding the data transfer are assessed. In addition to this consideration must be also given to: The nature of personal data. How long will the proposed process last. The country of origin of personal data and the destination to which it will be transferred. The security measures and professional rules in the destination country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain countries have been considered for having adequate protection by the European Commission. They are Argentina, Canada, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Switzerland, and Jersey. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I hope this report would have given a brief idea about the Data Protection Act 1998. This report also mentions the different principles concerned with DPA, the way that a data controller should follow for lawful and fairness processing. Proper care should be taken while handling personal data, still cyber threats are done by accruing the mobile numbers of individuals and pinpointing them by identifying the co-ordinates of the SIM location. So the firms or organisation should ensure that they pay more attention to DPA for the safety and privacy of people. Annotations DPA Data Protection Act 1998 ICO Information Commissioners Office EEA European Economic Area SIM Subscriber Identification Module Card References Stewart Room, 2007, Data Protection Compliance in Context, Published by CAPDM. City Of London, Data Protection Act, Available at: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Council_and_democracy/Data_protection_and_freedom_of_information/Data_protection_act.htm Accessed on [Jan 10,2010] Wikipedia, Data Protection Act 1998, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998 Accessed on [Jan15,2010] Piers Leigh-Pollitt James Mullock, 1999, The Data Protection Act Explained, Second Edition 2000,Publlished by Osborne Clarke. Lancaster University Data Protection Project, 2001, the Data Protection Principle. Available at: http://www.dpa.lancs.ac.uk/principles.htm Accessed on [Jan16, 2010]. ICO, Processing personal data for specified purposes (Principle 2), Available at : http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_2_processing_personal_data_for_specified_purposes.aspx Accessed on [Jan 24,2010] ICO, Keeping personal data accurate and up to date (Principle 4)Available at : http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principles_3_to_5_information_standards/keeping_personal_information_accurate_and_up_to_date.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 24,2010] ICO, Retaining personal data (Principle 5).Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principles_3_to_5_information_standards/retaining_personal_data.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 24,2010] ICO, The rights of individuals (Principle 6).)Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_6_the_rights_of_individuals.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 26,2010] ICO, Information security (Principle 7).Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_7_information_security.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 26,2010] ICO, Sending personal data outside the European Economic Area (Principle 8).Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_8_sending_personal_data_outside_the_eea.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 26,2010] Peter Carey,2004, Data Protection Handbook, Published by Law Society.