Dating Online Essay - 1259 Words

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

The Random House College Dictionary Revised Edition, 1975,

The Random House College Dictionary Revised Edition, 1975, defines intimacy as: (1) The state of being intimate. (2) A close familiar, and usually affectionate or loving, personal relationship. (3) A detailed knowledge or deep understanding of a place, subject, period of history, etc. (4) An act or expression serving as a token of familiarity, affection, or the like. (5) A sexual familiar act; a sexual liberty and (6) Privacy, especially an atmosphere of privacy suitable to the telling of a secret. The Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary defines intimacy as: (1) the state of being intimate: familiarity and (2) something of a personal or private nature. Frank D. Cox in the textbook, Human Intimacy: Marriage, the Family, and Its Meaning,†¦show more content†¦These relationships allow us to love and be loved. They bring a sense of security and lessen loneliness. Without intimacy there is emotional isolation, and emotional isolation increases the risk of physical and emot ional disorder. Is the world a safe place or is it full of unpredictable events and accidents waiting to happen? Erikson s first psychosocial crisis occurs during the first year or so of life (like Freud s oral stage of psychosexual development). The crisis is one of trust vs. mistrust. During this stage, the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To resolve these feelings of uncertainty, the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care. If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of hope. By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people will be there as a source of support. Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear. For example, if the care has been harsh or inconsistent, unpredictable and unreliable, then the infant will develop a sense of mistrust and will not haveShow MoreRelatedConflict Resolution at the Workplace1597 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Workplace Conflict Resolution If you search the word conflict in the dictionary, you are likely to find plenty of negative connotations. Many explain conflict as: coming to collision or a disagreement; clash; contention; controversy; fighting or quarreling, states Random House (1975). As these definitions are negative in nature, most people tend to withdraw when they enter an arena with conflict. Business Environment Conflict If you can recognize and understand exactly what creates conflictRead MoreEssay about Conflict Resolution In The Workplace2485 Words   |  10 PagesLook up the word conflict in the dictionary and you will see several negative responses. Descriptions such as: to come into collision or disagreement; be at variance or in opposition; clash; to contend; do battle; controversy; quarrel; antagonism or opposition between interests or principles Random House (1975). With the negative reputation associated with this word, no wonder people tend to shy away when they start to enter into the area of conflict. D. Jordan (1996) suggests that there are twoRead MoreApa Style4201 Words   |  17 Pages | |[hide] | |1 Early editions | |2 Sixth Edition of the Publication Manual | |3 APA Style online | |3.1 ResourcesRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesonaryDictionary of Ònà ¬Ã¯â‚¬ ¬chà   Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press, 1972. Kay Williamson († ) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:Read MoreLending System3694 Words   |  15 PagesJust like the above mentioned case study, processes were also done through the existing manual system. Retrieving, updating and editing records are a big problem. Thus, they have proposed to apply a semi – automated in processing the transaction and revised some processes for it was said to be time consuming and waste of time. Using the said proposed system problems encountered will be lessened. Thus, it would be a great help both to the user and the customer. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptualRead MoreEssay on Mintzberg 5 Ps of Strategy9155 Words   |  37 Pageswhat choices [the player] will make in every possible ~ituation.~ in management: Strategy is a unified, comprehensive, and integrated plan.. .designed to ensure that the basic objectives of the enterprise are a c h i e ~ e d . ~ and in the dictionary: strategy is (among other things) a plan, method, or series of maneuvers or stratagems for obtaining a specific goal or r e ~ u l t . ~ *The Strategy Concept I: Five Ps for Strategy by Henry Mintzberg. Copyright O 1987 by The Regents of theRead MoreCollege Student Gambling: Examining the Effects of Gaming Education Within a College Curriculum15937 Words   |  64 PagesCOLLEGE STUDENT GAMBLING: EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF GAMING EDUCATION WITHIN A COLLEGE CURRICULUM A Thesis Presented by MARYANN CONRAD Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE September 2008 Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management  © Copyright by Maryann Conrad 2008 All Rights Reserved COLLEGE STUDENT GAMBLING: EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF GAMING EDUCATION WITHIN A COLLEGERead MoreCh 1 Need for Ethics8650 Words   |  35 PagesThinking Critically About Ethical Issues, Seventh Edition By: Ruggiero  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2008 I THE CONTEXT CHAPTER ONE THE NEED FOR ETHICS Why do we need ethics? We have laws to protect people’s rights. If the laws are enforced, what need have we of further rules? Ethics is the study of the choices people make regarding right and wrong. Each of us makes dozens of moral choices daily. Will we go to work or call in sick? Follow the research protocol or violate it? Put quotes aroundRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesTHE JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING ANAN Volume 1, No 1, March 2009 Published by: Nigerian College of Accountancy, Jos Postgraduate Professional College and Training Arm of ANAN ...Advancing the Science of Accountancy EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Edet Robinson Iwok, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Abimaje Akpa, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. B. C. Osisioma, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Edet B. Akpakpan, Ph.D, FCNA, Prof. A. C. Ezejulue, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, TrainingRead MorePsychology14463 Words   |  58 PagesHuman Needs 1 Running head: BASIC HUMAN NEEDS Basic Human Needs Thane S. Pittman and Kate R. Zeigler Colby College DRAFT Chapter to appear in Kruglanski, A., Higgins, E. (2006), Social Psychology: A handbook of basic principles, 2nd Edition. New York: Guilford Publications Thane S. Pittman and Kate R. Zeigler Department of Psychology 5550 Mayflower Hill Colby College Waterville, ME 04901 207-859-5557 tpittman@colby.edu Basic Human Needs Basic Human Needs It is vain to do with

Mise En Scene Free Essays

The Dark Knight Rises/ Mise-en-scene It is necessary to use a wide variety of elements in the production of a film, like costumes, are outfits, accessories, hairstyles. Props, basically an object used by the actor. Actors are the individuals who act as certain character. We will write a custom essay sample on Mise En Scene or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case The Dark Knight Rises has a lot of unique elements that made it an award winning film. All this elements made this action packed film so exacting that you are going to want to watch it twice. The main character in The Dark Knights Rises is Christian Bale who plays the role of Batman. Batman is a hero for the city who fights bad guys and saves anybody from harm’s way. Anne Hathaway plays the role of cat woman who helps batman saves the city from harm’s way. Joseph Gordon-Levitt who plays the role of robin, batman’s sidekick. Batman’s costume has many features, like his utility belt. It is able to deploy smoke, so he is able to escape from his enemies. He is also able to deploy these bat shaped throwing stars from his arm that he throws at his enemies. He also has a mask that covers his face, so his identity isn’t reveal, it equipped with a voice changer so nobody can distinguish him from his true identity. He also has a cape that is also use for example, say he is on top of a building, and he needs to escape from an enemy, he opens his cape and hardens and he is able to use it to glide to a safe location. There are a lot of props in The Dark Knight Rises, for example; he has grappling gun, which is use for grappling from building to building in case he needs to escape from an enemy or he needs to get to a place quick enough. He also has the bat mobile, which he uses from transportation; it also turns into a motorcycle. As we see the making of a movie requires of the use of multiple physical objects and figures that are the key ingredients in cinematic mise-en-scene, moving from inanimate objects and human figures to the accentuation of those figures and objects with costumes and lighting. (Corrigan, Timothy). This is what makes the movie amazing. How to cite Mise En Scene, Essay examples

Management Accounting Management Control

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Management Control. Answer: Introduction: The Role of Management Accounting and Six Capital are of immense importance for all companies which target to perform in the best possible professional manner. The management control is the best technical way to understood business condition at any point of time. Our target will be to find out the role of management accountant in the companys growth in Australia. In this case we will discuss for the Australian Securities Exchange or ASX listed company Woolworths Limited listed on 12.07.1993 in the Food Staples Retailing industry classification. We will also try to ascertain the areas of Six Capital and how this Six Capital is demonstrated and how it is important for Woolworths Limited. The results of the company are directly or indirectly affect the future growth and sustenance of the future of the company. Woolworths Limited is in the areas of business names like Woolworths-the fresh food people, Woolworths Petrol, Cellarmasters, Countdown Shop Smarter, BWS, Dan Murphys-Lowest Liquor Price Guaranteed, BIGW, Ezibuy, Masters-Home Improvement, ALH Group, Langtons-Fine Wine Since 1988, and Home Timber Improvement. These are the names of Woolworthss business which ranges from Australian Food, Liquor and Petrol, New Zealand Supermarkets and also General Merchandise. Body: Its employees and management can be dependent on both Management Accounting and Six Capital for further improvement and sustenance in all its business frontiers and the portfolios thus handled. The management accountants are primarily responsible for applying certain special techniques to evaluate the real situation of any business in the modern world. The target is always to locate the loopholes the management needs to take care of after such detection and this rectification in many cases save the company from either great loss situation or also from winding up or closure. The techniques thus followed are business performance evaluation, strategic management accounting, and variance analysis, budgeting and forecasting, rolling forecasts, operational budgeting, financial reporting, computer system experience like ERP or SAP (Theage, 2008). The most important role the management accountant always plays in any business whatsoever are bit detailed here for better understanding Strategy maker or formulator Analyst of business Advisor (or Business Partner) internal consultant Acting as change agent Information provider or knowledge worker the for various data compilation Manager and interpreter of different types of business complexity Manager and designer of various information systems Controller and designer of various systems of performance measurement Educator, Teacher and guide for various stakeholders of the business Business Analyst The most important trend of the management accountants functions are related to the following activities Customer Satisfaction Measurement techniques High Emphasis of business analysis Capital Budgeting detailing Balanced Scorecard for Business status Variance Analysis Planning and control Budgeting Return on Investment Techniques Costing and management on activity performance Variable and Absorption costing Value analysis of shareholder Benchmarking of business The future of management accounting will be looking into the usage of adaptation of new forms of manufacturing process, managing organisational changes by using modern information technology , deeper understanding of organisational structuring and making improvements where necessary, innovation gathering, better functioning and structuring. Computational, statistical, interpretive, analytical and financial information system designing skills are newly introduced in newer formats for better management of accounting information with highly extensive technological developments (Accounting for management, 2016). The special nature of management accountants include better analytical skills, solid understanding of accounting, greater understanding of all business functions, ability to work in team, making forecasts and projections, process analysis, developing assumptions, data modelling, being forward looking and strategic ,adaptable, and not at all resistant to any change or should be open to any sort of change and make others understand that any change is always good and not bad if analysed properly in grater development perspective. The capital is very important business element of all times. Capitals are of different types and nature and their usage depends on the type and size and nature of each and every business and sometime they are also country specific also. These capitals are key inputs of any business without which can be compared to a human body without any blood or may be compared to a dead body. Hence capital plays the most important part in the development of the business (Managementstudyguide, 2016). The major Capital that we refer in the perspective of Australian business is Six Capital. The Six Capital are as detailed below Financial CapitalThe fund available to any business for use in the production of goods and provision of services and these funds are collected from various sources like equity, debts, grants, investments, generated through various operations. All organisations need various types of Financial Capital which are to be used in the form of Working capital, Project Capital, Vendor financing capital, long term project capital financing. Human Capitalthe people are the 2nd important capital of any organisation as without human capita it cannot function at all. Human competencies, motivations to innovation, experience, and the ability to understand, implement, manage, collaborate and maintain ethical values are very much required. Employees are the greatest asset of any company. Intellectual CapitalThe intangibles in a business like intellectual property which can be stated as rights and licences, softwares, copyrights, patents, systems, procedures and protocols, brand reputation, etc. Manufactured Capitalthere are assets like buildings, equipments, infrastructure like road, ports, bridges, waste and water treatment plants are some of examples. These help in the operational efficiency and effectiveness in the form of productivity, cost containment, enhanced safety and environment stewardship. Natural Capitalthis comprise of air, water, land, forests and minerals, biodiversity and ecosystem health which gets positively or negatively affected by an organisations activities. Hence these mostly include all renewable and non renewable environment stocks that provide goods and service that support current and future development of organisation (ASX, 2016). Social and relationship capitalthese mostly include the common behaviours and key relationships and trust or faith building among various stakeholders of the business like creditors, debtors, fund providers, suppliers, customers, bankers, etc (Telecomitalia, 2016). The Six Capital is very much important as per the Woolworths Limited is concerned. It has already shown that it has implemented the six capitals in its organisational functioning as per the data we have placed above in the details of the company (Bazerman et al., 2002). The Financial Capital needs to be refurbished to make the financial position more viable as per the loss is very concerning for a company like this status. The Human capital is already very mush taken care of as per the data we have received from the company report FY16 which is already discussed above. Manufactured Capital is already acting very positively thats why the company have generated such a huge asset base which helps it to further help growth process. Natural capital is also taken care of by the company by making usage of Solar Power generations by using reclining theory in its business. Social or community capital is also very much taken care of by the company by making usage of star rated health brands for the community and also by using its workforce to involve in community development and social improvement (Tutorialspoint, 2016). Intellectual capital is also taken care of by using the branding, protocol procedure introduction, etc. The management accountants need to play a very important role in the improvement of the financial capital of the company with such a base as the company is in net loss and the business needs to find the ways which will make or reduce its losses in all possible manners. The report shows that there is $1,235M net loss for the group although it has dropped by 157.5 % from FY15. That means the company have already taken serious steps to control loss despite there is a fall in total group sales. That means the management accounting needs to use current techniques like Cost-volume profit analysis, capital budgeting, cost of quality, detailed financial reporting and weekly analysis of the same and forecasting in detailed manner, variance analysis, operational budgeting, and activity based management functions (Limited, 2016). The integrated report provided by WHL indicated concise and clear overview of the performance of the company. In the report WHL considered information of previous reports also. It is a part of the legislative requirements according to International Integrated Reporting Council. The company is subsidiary of Woolworths Holdings. The company has operation in New Zealand and in Canada. The company started its operation in South Africa. The company mainly retails food products. The key areas of the business are understood to be facilitating value for money. The key areas that are highlighted in the business are from various points of views: The key external factors of the organization The desired outcome of the company The terms of capital in the organization The financial capital of the company represents the capital available for the production of the goods and services. The manufactured capital is nothing but physical objects including those objects available for the production of the goods. The important part of the capital includes human capital. The employees should be aligned with the organizations governance framework and risk management approach. The value creation is another important part of the business object. The need of the intellectual capital for future development of the product is also relevant and there is the need to create that intellectual capital based as tacit knowledge, systems, procedures and protocols. The social and the relationship capital is another i8mportant area of the business which clearly suggests that there is need to develop the business and along with that customer relationship (Limited, 2015). The Company is a great actor in the Food and Staple industry where the Australian Customers are 75% satisfied with Woolworths as per the report for FY16. There are more than 3400 products from local sourcing and have 450 product lines since September, 2014. 96% of its source of fruits and vegetables are Australian grown. Their best thing is price competitiveness and they have reduced their overall prices by 2.7% in Q4 for FY16. The salient information about the company is as given Customer related: Customers served per week are 29.6 M. Overall satisfaction of customers as on June, 16 is 75%. Customer voicing for team work85% Lower price investments in FY16--$500 M+. Renewal stores opened in June, 16 6 nos. Sales related Continuing operations sales--$58 B which is 1.2% down from FY15 Australian food and petrol--$39,410 M Endeavour Drinks group--$7,589 M. BIGW--$3,820 M Hotels--$ 1,512 M New Zealand Food--$5,592 M Group Financial related Net profit towards shareholders--$1,558 M which is down by 39.2% from FY15 Total group Net Loss towards shareholders--$1,235 M which is down by 157.5% from FY15 Operating Capital expenditure--$ 1,484 M which is up by 2.8% from FY15 Earnings before Interest and Tax--$ 2,564 M which is down by 35.5% from FY15 Employees related 205,000 plus Management positions by women38.9%. Indigenous employees2,200+ Young employees79,000+ Community or society related Brand products with health star rating1,300. Solar Power Generation1,560 Mwh Food saved for meals6.4 M. Material recycled274,930tonne. Value of employee time for social work--$7.4M According to the sustainability reporting; WHL has achieved significant reduction in carbon emissions. The company proudly states that it has achieved 42% lesser carbon emission in last year. The car fleet emission of the company is reduced by 30%. The company has managed to save 200million liters of water annually, largest since 2010. These are significant reflection of the business. The strategy of the company can be the brain child of good management practice. This represents the actual financial and other capital strengthening practices of the company (Integratedreporting, 2016). Conclusion: As the world witnessed the accounting scandals rocked the world and corporate communities. The target of the business and of the enterprise is to ensure that accounting plays more constructive role than destructive. In most of the occasions it is seen that errors to deliberate corruption and accountants have become rife with crooks. That tag about the accounting profession need to be removed. The reflection of the financial capital is mainly annual reports of the company. Apart from financial inclusions in the report there are other factors which are discussed in the annual reports and that include report on the stakeholders, customers, shareholders and the other reporting. The sustainability reporting may not be a part of annual report but it includes the social responsibilities that they have performed which can be called social capital. References: Accounting for management, 2016. Target profit analysis, break-even point. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingformanagement.org/exercise-1-cvapr/ [Accessed 10 September 2016]. ASX, 2016. WOOLWORTHS LIMITED (WOW). [Online] www.asx.com.au Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/announcements.do?by=asxCodeasxCode=WOWtimeframe=Dperiod=M6 [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Bazerman, M.H., Loewenstein, G. Moore, D., 2002. Why Good Accountants Do Bad Audits. [Online] hbr.org Available at: https://hbr.org/2002/11/why-good-accountants-do-bad-audits [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Integratedreporting, 2016. BUSINESS MODEL. [Online] integratedreporting.org Available at: https://integratedreporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Business_Model.pdf [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Limited, W., 2015. Annual Report 2015. [Online] www.woolworthslimited.com.au Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/icms_docs/182381_Annual_Report_2015.pdf [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Limited, W., 2016. Sustainability Strategy. [Online] woolworthslimited2015.csr-report.com.au Available at: https://woolworthslimited2015.csr-report.com.au/sustainability-strategy.html [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Managementstudyguide, 2016. Corporate Governance - Definition, Scope and Benefits. [Online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/corporate-governance.htm [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Telecomitalia, 2016. Risk Management. [Online] www.telecomitalia.com Available at: https://www.telecomitalia.com/tit/en/investors/risk-management.html [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Theage, 2008. Accountants to help cut greenhouse gases. [Online] www.theage.com.au Available at: https://www.theage.com.au//business/accountants-to-help-cut-greenhouse-gases-20080319-20gh.html [Accessed 09 September 2016]. Tutorialspoint, 2016. Project Cost Control. [Online] Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/project_cost_control.htm [Accessed 10 September 2016].

Under the Bridge Song Analysis free essay sample

The rhythm affects the whole mood, tone and meaning of the song. The melancholy can be felt in the first stanza, â€Å"Lonely as I am together we cry. † Kiedis has chosen different methods to give the song specific sounds that affect the pace and structure of the rhythm. The speed of the song begins quite slow not too intense but slowly the tempo picks up as he describes, â€Å"I don’t ever wanna feel like I did that day. † The feelings of loss bring him to depression and remind him of his struggles with drug abuse. The reference in the third stanza â€Å"take me to the place I love take me all that way† can suggests that Kiedis is taken back to the feeling of being high on drugs. Metaphorically he is attempting to overcome drug addiction but can’t help loving the feeling he gets when he is high. The loneliness that I was feeling triggered memories of my time with Ione and how Id had this beautiful angel of a girl who was willing to give me all of her love, and instead of embracing that, I was downtown with gangsters shooting speedballs under a bridge. We will write a custom essay sample on Under the Bridge Song Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Kiedis 204) Kiedis memory of such a time stimulated his response of loneliness as he is doing so in song to his listeners. Drawing back from the people he was once so close with gave him an overwhelming feeling of loneliness and solitude, as he described, â€Å"Sometimes I feel like I dont have a partner sometimes I feel like my only friend like my only friend is the city I live in the city of Angels† (Peppers) The descriptions of the city being his only stronghold during this difficult ime are realized in his city of Los Angeles which he feels would never leave him alone as some of his relationships at that time. The city is stable, and he is able to depend on her being there to support him. He refers to the city as his â€Å"companion†, and he does not have to hide from her because she already knows his deepest secrets but has yet to abandon him. Its interesting to see the different interpretations to this song, but I do believe Kiedis was clearly recounting his dru g addiction in a very personal yet abstract manner. Revealing the solitude one has to endure when they find themselves in such a state. My understanding of the song shows the contemplation, withdrawal, and the acceptance of taking a dark path in life. Literature can be subtle or obvious, used carefully or carelessly. The repetition of the third stanza signifies meaning and creates a strong sonic effect to the listener. Kiedis use of this can be found in the chorus, â€Å"I dont ever wanna feel like I did that day take me to the place I love take me all the way. (Peppers) The text states, â€Å"We all hear sounds differently depending on the meaning and context. † (Beiderwell 522) The feeling this song gives me may be totally different that it may give someone who has experienced an addiction or feeling of despair. In general, the lyrics deals with particular things in concrete language, since our emotions most readily respond to his emotion and expressions. From Kiedis particular situation, the listener may then generalize by implication from the particular. â€Å"She sees my good deeds and she kisses me windy and I never worry now that is a lie. (Peppers) The use of personification occurs here when he describes inanimate objects as human that is, giving them human attributes, powers, or feelings. He is not literally speaking of a person but showing his connection with the city he loves so much, as the only person he feels loved by. Images suggest meanings beyond the mere identity of the specific object. (Purdue) Poetry plays with meaning when it identifies resemblances or makes comparisons between things, such as the Los Angeles being his only friend. In the last stanza, â€Å"Under the bridge downtown is where I drew some blood under the bridge I could not get enough under the bridge forgot about my love under the bridge I gave my life away† (Peppers) Kiedis is recounting a low point in his life where he feels he surrendered his life to this addiction to drugs. This use of imagery is most valuable as a mode of perception that assists the listener to see around and to see the often conflicting interpretations that come from our examination of life. In other words his message is most certainly concrete and particular its implied by the images of him under this bridge drawing blood which is what heroin addicts do. Works Cited Beiderwell, Bruce and Jeffrey M. Wheeler. The Literary Experience. Beiderwell, Bruce and Jeffrey M. Wheeler. The Literary Experience. Boston: Thomson Higher Education, 2008. 217-229. Kiedis, Anthony. Scar Tissue. New York: Hyperion, 2004. Peppers, Red Hot Chili. Under The Bridge. Blood Sugar Sex Magik. cond. Anthony Keidis. By Anthony Keidis. Los Angeles, 1992. Purdue, Owl. Owl Purdue. 21 April 2010. 07 April 2010 .

What Is the PARCC Test Do You Have to Take It

What Is the PARCC Test Do You Have to Take It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips PARCC exams are relatively new and not particularly widespread, which means that finding reliable information on what they are and what they mean can be tough. In this guide, I’ll go over everything you need to know about these exams, including where they’re administered, what they test, and how to prepare. What's the PARCC Test? If you're researching PARCC tests, you're probably a bit familiar withstate exams and how they work. Stateexams are tests that are written and managed at the state level - they're administered, often on a yearly basis, at public schools within that state to monitor student progress. They also set expectations for what students should know at each grade level. Performance is considered at a large scale (e.g. state education departments may look into school districts with particularly low scores) and at an individual level (e.g. a school may provide extra resources to an individual student who isn't at grade level). PARCC (or thePartnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers) is a group of several states that work together to develop and administer state exams. Each state that participates in PARCC uses these tests to monitor student progress in lieu of individual state tests - the ultimate goal is to standardize Common Core expectations across states. These tests are designed to better replacements for old versions of state tests because (as PARCC claims) they provide better information about students' skills and development to teachers and parents. In a nutshell, these examinations are meant to evaluate college and career readiness starting at a young age. By evaluating readiness early and often (i.e. on a yearly basis), teachers and parents should be better able to help children prepare for the future. For example, teachers may use information about exam performance to identify where students may need extra help. One of PARCC’s advisory committees is dedicated to working with college and universities to accept test results as an â€Å"indicator of readiness† for first-time freshmen, so it looks like they’re also making moves to replace the SAT and ACT. There’s no indication that any colleges accept PARCC results in lieu of SAT/ACT scores, however, so this isn’t somethingyou have to worry about at the moment. Test Logistics There are actually many tests and assessments that are administered through PARCC. Annual Year-end Tests - English/language arts and math tests are administered every year in grades 3-11. I'll be focusing primarily on these exams for the rest of the article. Instructional Tools and Tasks - These may be used throughout the school year, and are meant mostly for teachers. Like other state tests, the PARCC exam is supposed to align with what students are actually learning in the classroom for each grade level. As such, the actual content and the level of difficulty of the exams will vary depending on students’ grade level. I’ll go into more detail shortly. WhatStates Require the PARCC Test? In 2010, 24 states (plus Washington DC) belonged to PARCC, but the number of states participating in the program has dropped significantly since then. As of2015-2016 school year, there are11 states fully active in administering the PARCC tests: Colorado Washington DC Illinois Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey New Mexico Rhode Island What's on the PARCC Test? These examinations are relatively new - they’ve been updated quite often over the past several years, and will surely be updated in the future. That being said, a few important things have remained consistent: The two core content areas tested are English/language arts and math. The tests strive to be modern assessments of competency in higher-level critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The exams don't just test content - theytest the development of skills that (presumably) help students succeed. When you’re trying to gauge whether students are developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills - things that are essential for doing well in college and in the workplace - the way that questions are asked on the exam will be just as important as testcontent. I’ll address both of these important factors here. Tests are a lot less intimdating when you know what's going to be on them. Test Content PARCC test content aligns most closely with what students learn based on Common Core standards. These standards may vary slightly, but remember that the PARCC exams will be standardized across all participating states - as such, you can expect the exams to test content that’s shared by all those states. Content will also depend on grade level, of course. There are a couple of ways you can figure out what you can expect to see on the test: Check out Common Core standards by state. Talk with your teacher (or your child’s teacher) about the content he/she plans on covering for the year, and what he/she expects to see on the year-end PARCC exam. Check out PARCC practice tests. The PARCC website does provide some very basic information about what’s expected of both elementary and middle school students in both English and Math: English expectations for all grade levels (3-11): Students read one or more texts (and sometimes watch a video), write about what they read and/or viewed, and provide evidence drawn from the reading. English expectations for middle school and high school: Students are expected to read several passages and integrate ideas from all of them into their written responses. Math expectations for all grade levels (3-11): Students must reason mathematically, make sense of quantities and their relationships to solve real-world problems, and show their understanding. Math expectations for middle school and high school: Students are expected to develop procedural skills, conceptual understanding, and modeling and application skills with a focus on broadening number sense into ratios, rational numbers, and proportions while transitioning to algebraic skills (including working with expressions, equations, and graphs). Question Format This is where the PARCC tests really claim to stand out when compared to other, older state exams. Testing critical-thinking and problem-solving skills is tougher than testing just straight-up content knowledge - this modern test format reflects these efforts. Here are a couple of examples from the PARCC site to show you what I mean: EXAMPLE 1 The old English test item asks students to simply write a persuasive essay. The new test item asks students to consider the perspectives of multiple authors before responding (using textual evidence) with their own argument. This is quite similar - in concept, if not in difficulty level - to what students will see on the writing sections of the ACT and SAT. ELA/Literacy example questions: old test items versus PARCC test items EXAMPLE 2 The old math test item is a word problem - students have to use basic reading comprehension skills to work through the question - but it essentially is asking students to count days on a calendar. The new math test item requires students to utilize more sophisticated data analysis skills - namelythey'll have to interpret information instead of just performing mathematical calculations. PARCC exams also asks studentsto explain their reasoning. Math example questions: old test items vs. PARCC test items Preparing for the PARCC Much of the work that you’ll need to do to prepare for the PARCC happens in school. State tests are used to assess instructor, school, district, and state performance, so the pressure to do well isn’t really on the student - it’s on everyone who’s responsible for preparing the student for his or her future. With that being said, there’s nothing wrong with wanting to prepare for the test! Students should want to perform to the best of their ability because that will best inform teachers about their needs. If nothing else, preparing for a PARCC exam is good practice for other future standardized tests. There isn’t a ton of official prep material out there, but PARCC has released official practice tests for each grade level. You shouldapproach PARCC practice in the same way you’d approach ACT/SAT prep: by starting off with a full diagnostic test and then carefully analyzing your mistakes. If you find that you have any weak areas, you can use class notes and/or assistance from your teacher to close up any content gaps. What Your Scores Mean for You Students aren’t penalized or rewarded based on how they perform on PARCC exams. Their results are used to inform teachers, parents, and administrators whether they’re learning everything they’re supposed to be learning - particularly low or high scores should help teachers customize instruction for individual students. What these scores are: A measure of how familiar you are with the test content. To some degree, a measure of how familiar you are with the test format and general test-taking strategy. PERHAPS a measure of whether you’re on track for college and a career. The tests are still very new - we don’t have any hard evidence to suggest that high scores on the test in any way predict success in college and beyond (although there is ongoing research on this question). What these score are not: A measure of your intelligence. A measure of how successful you’ll be in the future. Now that you have a better idea of what your PARCC scores actually mean, we can talk in more detail about the test scoring system. How the PARCC Scoring System Works The tests’ scoring system is based on what they call â€Å"performance levels.† These different levels are: Level 1: Did not yet meet expectations Level 2: Partially met expectations Level 3: Approached expectations Level 4: Met expectations Level 5: Exceeded expectations If you are at level 4 or 5, you’re good to go. Level 3 indicates that you’re almost there - you might just need a little extra help. Levels 1-2 indicate that more significant help from instructors might be necessary to bring scores up to grade level standards. As with other state tests, you’ll receive a score report with your raw score and corresponding performance level after the exam. Here’s an example of what that might look like: An example of a PARCC score report At the bottom of the report, you can see that you’re given a bit more context for your scores - you have access to the school, district, state, and overall score average. If you'd like to learn more, PARCC has set up a site where parents can accessinformation about score results and improving performance. Summary To wrap up, PARCC exams shouldn’t be a source of stress for students or parents. Like most other state tests, these exams arecheck-in assessments that help instructors (and schools, and school districts) understand whether students are on the right track for college or for a career. Unlike other outdated tests, PARCC exams are moving towards assessing higher-level cognitive skills rather than just straight-up content. High school students might recognize that the questions they see on these tests are similar to the ones they might see on the ACT or SAT. It’s unclear whether PARCC tests truly measure college-readiness, but they’re certainly similar to other college entrance exams. Perhaps these year-end tests will help prepare students (starting in 3rd grade!) for future exams where more is at stake. What's Next? PARCC content is based on Common Core standards. If you want to do well on a PARCC exam, you may want to read more about the Common Core and why it matters. Looking at tests similar to the PARCC? Read more about ACT Aspireand check out available practice tests. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

History Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History - Case Study Example Answer 2 First, there is dire need to clarify the meaning of this terminology ‘sizable’, which usually refers to a large religious or ethnic group (in terms of population). For example, Muslims in India have a considerable size (over 200 million), yet they are a minority in staggering 1.2 million Hindu majority nation. It should be highlighted that if any religious or ethnic group has been offered all legitimate basic needs and rights followed by protection of interests then they should not have a right to create an independent nation because this will lead to societal unrest. However, if a minority sizable group (example of Indonesia and East Timor) is suppressed by ruling majority then they do deserve an independent state where they could live according to their free will and practice their interests. Answer 3 The weaknesses in political structure were quite evident during 1920s across followed by poverty, unemployment and economic failures, thereby making it to govern China. For instance, it was an era of warlords, societal unrest and civil disobedience. In short, the Chinese Civil War between the ruling Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) was also a result of aforementioned factors, which led to China’s division into Taiwan and People's Republic of China.

Economics paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics - Research Paper Example This effect of substitution leads to such relocation of the local taxes in between the small regions that gave a negative impact on the state level. The overall recovery time and short falls are shown as in early estimates. This particular research started with analyzation and it ends with a hope that gaming laws shall be modified to save on greater losses. INTRODUCTION 29th August 2005 a third category storm known as Katrina was seen hitting the coast of Mississippi. This hurricane was devastating in nature and destroyed a large area of which included more of residence and business of the coastal area of Mississippi. Katrina is regarded as one amongst the few most devastating natural catastrophes in the history of U.S. This particular natural calamity has been held responsible for 231 fatalities and over $100 billions of damages in Mississippi. This paper focuses on one particular sphere which actually draws the economy of Mississippi which is casino gaming. These casinos are very i mportant because the economy of Mississippi relies on this particular sector. The taxes, which are put on these gaming revenues, add up to more that $330 million to state annually and all the local coffers, which were prior to this place before Katrina. When Katrina roared in ashore most of the casinos in the gulf coast built mostly on the barges were destroyed or heavily damaged. This area had the total infrastructure of this casino games. These buildings were considered as the lifeblood of the place. In this research paper we go in for analyzing the the total amount lost in these gaming revenues, the huge amount of taxes lost and the duration of he recovery period of these casino games. The results of our findings were surprising as it gave a substituting effect and a beautiful example of the effectiveness of governmental intervention. The beginning of the paper is with this particular industry of the state, which is followed by methodology and data collection section respectively . At last, we present results and the conclusions. REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURES: A brief note about the Casino Industry of Mississippi The legislation of 1990 of Mississippi enacted and later allowed the gaming courses on these navigable waterways. The first ever casino to come up in this water way was in the midis of 1992. Most of the casino games were under the category of riverboat gambling (Roehl, 1994). During 1990’s we get to see casinos with huge facilities, restaurants, entertainment and supported with huge hotels. We see such features during this time. In United States, we have Mississippi ranked in the third place after obviously Las Vegas and the Atlanta city. There is also a Mississippi commission for games which estimates that every day they have more than 50 million people who visit the place. Further, amongst the 50million people, those who patronize the casinos of Mississippi annually out of them around 81% people are form the states of south eastern countri es. Gulf Coast, South River, and North River, the gaming casino industry of Mississippi is based on on these three zones. The impact of Katrina fell on all these three zones respectively. North River section is based on a huge area of 594,000 square feet. It consisted of 10 casinos before Katrina struck the shore in 2005. This particular section is situated in the centre of Tunica, which is again located in the North West corner of state, southern part of Memphis. It is Tennessee.

Legal Environment of Business3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legal Environment of Business3 - Essay Example r is not liable to the student loan because it is still part of the debts he has and when he is declared bankrupt, it means that even the student loan he has cannot be paid, hence he cannot be held liable. The trustee cannot enforce the lease as written because the initial lease when it was being signed indicated that the lease cannot be assignable, so despite the present circumstance the company is in, the lease statement still holds (Morgan et al 832). The government can claim from the first filing before the bankruptcy court appointed a trustee. This will therefore entitle the government to acquire and get its due before everything is fully under the trustee to supervise liquidation. Below cost pricing is where the price for a product or service is below the initial amount paid by the seller to acquire it. It can be shown when the profitability of a company reduces but its market share is going up and it attracts more customers. Competition pricing laws apply in such a case and the company can even be closed (Morgan et al 880). Yes it is legal to merge the two companies as they will be merged under the combination merger and the shareholders of each company will be the ones to decide if they want to have their shares back or they can get new shares from the new merged company. Yes the laws would apply since they are meant to protect the citizens from fraud. Since the products will be sold even in the United States, the laws would be enforced under the private suits section of the anti-trust laws (Morgan et al

Factors that Affect Self Esteem

Factors that Affect Self Esteem According to social psychological research, which factors affect self-esteem? How people regard themselves and evaluate their self-worth or self-esteem differs from one individual to the next. However, there are multiple factors that might affect an individuals self-esteem, these factors can include domestic treatment, group treatment and even the media. It can be hypothesized that one factor might affect self-esteem more significantly than the others. Social psychologists have seemed to agree that the social environment (while it does have its affects) has a minor influence on self-esteem. According to Schmitz, (2006) how children are treated domestically will have a significant influence on the development or lack thereof of self-esteem. Furthermore, other studies seem to also share similar conclusions; Belobrykin, (2003) conducted a study that explored self-esteem and its influencers, it was concluded that teachers and parents are the main influencers of self-esteem. Teachers and parents are both seen as authoritative figures, as well as much more knowledgeable. Therefore, how they treated children, especially during developmental stages will have a psychological effect. Although social influences might have an affect it can be inferred that the main influencers are authoritative figures due to how children might seek acceptance and validation. Hence forth if the child does not get what they intend as stated formerly it will aff ect them negatively. However, through the excess of information and communication in the modern age, a large emphasis is placed on the media and its role in affecting self-esteem. Although, the media does play a role in affecting self-esteem, according to Fernandez and Pritchard, (2012) social media influences how both men and women should look. However, although the media seemed to have the greatest effect, for women social pressure also affected self-esteem and for men it was internalization. Therefore, it can be assumed that social media simply acts upon peoples already existing self-esteem issues and that there is a different criterion such as social norms and standards or group treatment combined with how a person might view themselves to be. Self-esteem issues have always existed long before the media, however, it can be stated that the media is simply a catalyst that increases or aids in increasing low self-esteem. The media affects self-esteem though indirectly. For instance, how people perceive themselves versus how they want to be perceived, to elaborate further what people place on social media is what they want you to perceive them. Zuckerman, Li and Hall, (2016) conducted an experiment that explored what affects self-esteem between different genders. The research concluded that gender differences do not play a role in self-esteem, though it appears that these issues were more present in developed countries than in under-developed countries. This can be due to how more developed countries are characterized by values of equality or freedom, which in turn can affect how people perceive they should be treated versus how they are actually treated. Furthermore, other studies have also stated that how individuals perceiv e themselves also affects how they are aided in social situations, which can also affect self-esteem further. This implies that how people are treated can affect perception (Marshall, Parker, Ciarrochi, Heaven, 2013). In conclusion, self-esteem is not affected by just a single stimulus, however according to psychologists the main influence on self-esteem is domestic treatment in developmental stages of the child as it affects self-esteem on the long-term. Therefore, it is an individuals perception of what others might think of them which highly affect self-esteem. Furthermore, the media does not act a direct influencer of self-esteem, it is however an indirect cause of self-esteem issues. This is apparent as this issue is more present in highly developed countries. References Belobrykina, O. (2003). The Influence of the Social Environment on the Development of Older Preschoolers Self-Esteem. Russian Education Society, 45(5), 57-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/res1060-9393450557 Fernandez, S. Pritchard, M. (2012). Relationships between self-esteem, media influence and drive for thinness. Eating Behaviors, 13(4), 321-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.05.004 Schmitz, M. (2006). Influence of Social and Family Contexts on Self-Esteem of Latino Youth. Hispanic Journal Of Behavioral Sciences, 28(4), 516-530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986306293999 Shin, Y., Kim, M., Im, C., Chong, S. (2017). Selfie and self: The effect of selfies on self-esteem and social sensitivity. Personality And Individual Differences, 111, 139-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.004 Zuckerman, M., Li, C., Hall, J. (2016). When men and women differ in self-esteem and when they dont: A meta-analysis. Journal Of Research In Personality, 64, 34-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.007

Spinoza And Free Will Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many great philosophical ideas and questions that are known and of course unknown. One of the questions that really enticed my interest was the question of whether or not we have free will. I myself was once a believer of people having free will and doing what I want was my choice and my choice alone. However, after careful consideration and lectures I have been reversed in how I believe in free will. Is there any free will though? Many people would say yes there is and of course there are some who believe that free will is a fallacy and not to be believed. Whether or not there is free will is yet to be determined but what we have to go on and by is from philosophers and every person who has their two cents to fill in. In this discussion of philosophy there will be points made for and against the establishment of free will and basis for judgement of free will exists or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spinoza, Paul, Augustine, Luther have all grappled with this question of free will for many years. What has been said goes to a religious side. Which has been believed of an omnipotent God who will preordain who would be saved and who would be lost. In the simple but complex question in the book of whether or not you slept in late or not, and has been said that God knew you would. With the explanation of the book in its words go as follows; â€Å"This...

Raymond’s Run Essay

Raymond's Run Essay This is a story by the writer Toni Cade Bambara who describes the events that take place in the life of a skinny girl named Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, a little African-American girl with a squeaky voice that has passion to run. However the tale begins describing the members of her family, the author writes more about Hazel and her brother Raymond. Raymond is not quite right; apparently he suffers a metal disease. He’s bigger and older than Hazel, but a lot of people call him Hazel's little brother because he needs to be looking after. Squeaky† often takes strolls down Broadway so she can practice her breathing exercises while she keeps an eye on her brother all the time. She makes Raymond walk on the inside because he always makes fantasies so he starts thinking he's a circus performer and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air. Hazel is known as Mercury because she is the swiftest thing in the neighborhood, only her father can beat her to Amsterdam Avenue with Hazel having a two hydrant head start and him running with his hands in his pockets and whistling. Hazel is loyal to her brother, always ready to protect him. She’s a person, who doesn't tolerate standing and listening talks from somebody else, she likes to get right over things quickly. She doesn’t like much a girl named Gretchen and her friends Mary Louise Williams from Baltimore and Rosie because Gretchen’s a potential rival for the fifty-yard dash. She believes she’s tough, not a strawberry or someone who enjoys dancing on her toes, she likes to run and this passion had made her to win many trophies, ribbons and it’s because of her velocity. Every time just before she takes off in a race, she feels like she is in a dream, the kind you have when you've fever and feel hot and weightless. She usually dreams she flies over a sandy beach in the early morning sun, touching the leaves of the trees. She also perceives the smell of apples just like in the country when she used to think she was a choo-choo train. Near the end Hazel competes against Gretchen P. Lewis at the May Day races, she wins and Gretchen comes in second. This result makes her realize that she is not the only working person who tries hard to get things done, so she started to look her rival in a very different way with a big smile of respect between them. So there she was, thinking about all the prices she’s have got and that she could retire by the time, it occurred to her that she could train her brother to become a champion as the tradition of the family is. Other characters: * Her family: The mother, father and George. * Cynthia Procter * Mr. Pearson (Jack the Beanstalk)

James Town

During 1607-1611 of Early Jamestown, Why Were So Many Colonists Dead? King James I sent 110 people over for a new start of life. The Englishmen arrived to Jamestown believing that they would find gold and a new way of freedom with government and religion. Most of the colonist died during the early years of 1607-1611. No skills for the New World later made the colonist have a hostile relationship with the Native Americans and the environment that they weren’t immune for lead to their deaths. Many colonists died because they had no skills to survive in a new place.According to the â€Å"First and Second Jamestown Ship List† in Document C, 47 of the 110 colonist were Gentlemen in May 1607. These Gentlemen came to Jamestown with the belief that they would find wealth. The Gentlemen, including other colonists, didn’t know how to farm or hunt. They traded with the Powhatan Confederacy for food but that got old, and the Indians later put a stop to the trade for the Engl ishmen to â€Å"Starving Time† in 1609. Also, there was only 1 doctor. Therefore, if someone got sick they would have a way bigger chance of dying than seeing that 1 doctor.The evidences helped explain why so many colonists died because the inexperience of the colonist led to them not being able to support themselves. The Native Americans were antagonistic to the colonists. â€Å"The Virginia Adventures† in document D says, â€Å"Though West was able to load his (small ship) with grain, the success involved some harsh and Crewell dealinge by cutting towe of the Salvages heads and other extremetyes. † Instead of the colonist finding and growing their own food they killed 2 Indians. This was probably one reason why the Indians would attack the colonists.On document E, â€Å"Chronology of English Mortality in Virginia, 1607-1610† there was a first ever Indian attack at Fort James and 2 people died. If the colonists and the Indians had a different start of re lationship, there wouldn’t be that many people dead. The Englishmen could’ve learned skills from the tribes. The Englishmen and the Indians would perhaps have a different relationship. The environment had a big effect on the death of many colonists in early Jamestown. In â€Å"The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts† in document B it shows that there was a drought around 1605-1615.There wasn’t enough water to drink, let alone grow crops or livestock. People also died because of diseases including malaria, scurvy, and dysentery. There were also other sicknesses that the Englishmen weren’t immune to. When illness struck the colonists, there was only one doctor and that was the same as not having any. The water was really filthy. Document A states that, â€Å"Because of the adjacent river and creeks became brackish as water levels rose, reliable sources of fresh water would have been scarce by the seventeenth century†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This made the risk o f getting a disease higher than not having water at all.The environment was a major death factor even if they learned how to plant or grow livestock. If the colonists were able to support themselves then more would have survived. The death of so many colonists in early Jamestown was mostly cause by the environment and the unfriendly relationship between the early settlers and the Native Americans that was triggered by the colonists not being able to support themselves.

The Importance of Environmental Awareness Essays

The Importance of Environmental Awareness Essays The Importance of Environmental Awareness Paper The Importance of Environmental Awareness Paper However, recent cases have shown that nations around the world are contaminating the globes atmosphere as they use it in efforts to clear waste. As more nations are becoming industrialized due to the globalization of world economies, there is a greater amount of discharge from different types of production. In brief, the degradation of the global atmosphere is caused by practically everyone around the world. Unlike countries which have specific boundaries that specify territorial restrictions, the atmosphere does not have an owner; it literally belongs to every individual that steps foot on this planet. Therefore it is important that the general public becomes aware of the consequences that may emerge because of environmental mistreatment. According to the popular journal article, The Great Climate Sellout by Ruth Conning, it seems as though the issue of global warming is being put on the back burner by Washington and its administrators. There is more focus is on issuing new nuclear loan guarantees and opening up the Eastern seaboard to new offshore drilling. Conning states, given a historic opportunity to do something about the biggest threat to the health of the entire world, President Obama and the Democrats ultimately decided to do nothing (20). Truth is that the governments attention is no longer on environmental issues UT on other pressing issues associated with immigration and the economy. As newspaper headlines are no longer filled with disastrous oil spills across the globe, Democrats deserted their work on passing some form of legislation that tries to improve the effects on climate change. As the world gets warmer, oil-soaked birds are ignored establishing a huge unawareness by society towards the preservation of the Earth Furthermore, although much blame is given to the Obama administration, Republicans have some part to do with it as it has also disregarded the environmental topic. As stated by the author, On the one side there were the Democrats Kerry, who led climate-change negotiations in the Senate, and Obama, giving industry everything it wanted and on the other side were the Republicans, also demanding favors for industry, but fearful of looking even slightly concerned about the future of the planet (21). Even though there are a few beneficial energy projects taking place that could accomplish some sort of cutback in emissions, the budget does not say much on what Obama and his administration will do to effectively decrease the discharge of carbon elution by the largest emitters such as power plants and automobiles. Of course one needs to not hold Obama fully accountable for the governments failure to act. Reality is that without some sort of mutual effort and agreement between both chambers in Congress, the House and Senate, practically nothing can be passed in Washington. Consequently, the President is at the mercy of the House and especially the Senate on many key issues making him fully dependent. However, according to Conning, the good news is that environmental groups are not just standing with their arms crossed as the world slowly collapses afore our very eyes. As stated by the author, Greenback, Friends of the Earth, and the Rainforests Action Network, along with some other groups, formed a breakaway coalition called Climate Reality Check, which abandoned the nationalization tactics of the mainstream environ groups and began to criticize weak emissions reductions targets and other compromises by the Obama Administration and Democrats in Congress (21 These efforts show that even though the political terrain may be getting difficult for many activist, environmental awareness is not abandoned signifying that we better start owe before it is too late. Although there is still a long way ahead of us in establishing a comprehensive climate reform, the key for success in finally accomplishing full environmental regulation is for society to act as one as it involves every single one of us. As we are all aware, our global environment has always had climate issues as personal burden. We, as individuals, need to play a role to impact our global climate for the better. In Zinnia Salsa Mahout Housing article, Housewifes Awareness of Global Climate Changes and its Relationship with Behavioral Practices Associated with Some Resources in the Home Environment one of his main focal points is on the correlation between housewives and the global climate. He presents his research indicating that the more knowledge a housewife has about the global environment in terms of the uses of its natural resources in their home, the better the impact is on the global climate. For the most part women have always played the prominent role in the household, managing the family needs inside the house and dealing with most natural resources as stated by Yogis (70). For instance women deal with power and household appliances as they do daily routines such as the general cleaning and every day cooking. Decorative plant resources are also used as they decorate the house to not just impress visitors but to have a higher standard of living. Of course water resource cannot be forgotten about as it is a key component almost everything we eat or drink. Last but not least women in general manage house wastes resources as they are usually the ones to determine what is still in use and what can be considered as garbage. Moreover, Yogis goes on to say that by gassing awareness on correct behavioral practices towards the environment, it will drastically cut down on inadequate behavior such as exaggerated consumption of home resources (71 ). Examples of these type of behavior may range from leaving the water running when brushing ones teeth to leaving lights on that are not in use for an extended period of time. Furthermore, he argues that correct practices will have a trickle-down effect on children. This idea does make sense as children start to develop a full conscious of their surroundings in the adolescent stage. Not only is childhood radical in understanding what the necessary steps are in trying to preserve the earth for future generations, it is practically the only stage that will permit these customs to really take root. As time passes, each generation will be better than the previous in taking the proper decisions for world protection and itll turn into a way of life rather than a job to be accomplished. Concentrating on housewives is a tremendous thought not only because it impacts the usage of proper practices on natural resources but also takes note of everyone else in the household. When it comes to the love of ones family, leaving the world a better place for the future of our children is a visible consideration. In the article Lessons from Lost Worlds by Jarred Diamond, the author comes to an awareness of the global environment after the birth of his twin sons. He argues that while he was growing up there was talk about environmental problems occurring around the year of 2050 but he never gave it enough thought since he wouldnt be alive at that time. Although the year 2050 was unreal for him, he could not say the same about his children as they would have reached the GE of 63 in the year 2050. In brief, this awareness made him realize that the state of the world during the middle of this century will have a tremendous effect on his children and of course for other children across the nation. As the lives of future generations are threaten by world conditions Diamond comes up with a set of lessons that we may be able to grasp from past events in different societies that are similar to the one we are facing in todays world. Diamond introduces with a historical perspective as he states: Many past societies collapsed partly from their failure to solve problems animal to those we face today- especially problems of deforestation, water management, topsoil loss and climate change. The long list of victims includes the Nazis in the U. S. Southwest, the Maya, Easter Islanders, the Greenland Norse, Mycenaean Greeks and inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, Great Zanzibar and Angora Watt. The outcomes ranged from just a collapse of society, to the deaths of most people, to (in some cases) everyones ending up dead (417). The present global environment is experiencing problems that suffer much rater consequences than what the Indus Valley, Maya, the Nazis, etc. Faced. Those societies experienced a downfall with a population that is practically nothing compared to our present-day population which is indeed much larger. In addition, a larger population indicates that consumption is at a much larger rate which will lead to a much more catastrophic demise to our population if it is altered in any negative way. Furthermore, the collapse of numerous societies in the past makes it clear that misfortune and ultimately collapse was not avoided by its population although it could have. The question is, if past societies saw environmental problems building up that would fundamentally lead to the destruction of their empire, why was absolutely nothing done about it? Diamond makes a humorous remark stating that generations in the future will be asking the exact same question about our generation now which is why it is necessary to not commit the same mistakes done in the past and take initial action (418). He concentrates on short vs.. Long term effects that harm our society but may not be completely obvious for the typical American citizen to point out. As Americans o whatever they can to leave a wealthy lifestyle in the short run, harm is committed on everyone else due to this selfishness. So when trying to get Americans to recycle and look out for the community, its best to emphasize that its good for them individually instead of indicating the broad benefits. In todays world or at least in the United States motivation is driven by self serving acts, something that needs to change urgently. Nevertheless, hope is not lost for Diamond as he states that problems we face today are fixable in the sense that they do have an attainable solution. Diamond says, the risk we face isnt that of an asteroid collision beyond our ability to avoid.

What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and management of Literature review

What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and management of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficle infection in elderly patients - Literature review Example These are diseases that are very threatening in someone’s life and so they need prevention and control especially in elderly patients (Poutanen. and Simor, 2008). According to researchers, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is a nosocomial infection that occurs after antimicrobial treatment (Jennie et al, 2001). Affected patients excrete large numbers of clostridium difficile spores. These spores survive for many months in the environment. They cannot be destroyed by hand disinfection and thus persist despite usual environmental cleaning agents. These factors increase the risk of transmission of C. difficile. The researchers (Jennie et al, 2001) did a quantitative study and came up with the results and conclusion to show the part of environmental measures to prevention of AAD and D. Difficile disease. Researchers found out that infection control measures as well as Restrictive antibiotic policies have indicated to reduce Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) incidence among the patients that are hospitalized. It well known that since time memorial, the environmental disinfectants role in reducing nosocomial CDAD rates has no t been studied well. Jennie et al, (2001) conducted a study (before and after intervention) whereby patients in 3 units had to be evaluated in order to ascertain if the solution of unbuffered 1:10 hypochlorite was effective in terms of environmental disinfectant in reducing the CDAD incidence. Basing on the results, it was observed that amongst 4252 patients with bone marrow transplant, the CDAD incidence rate decreased substantially from 8.6 to 3.3 cases per 1000 patients-days (in this case, the hazard ratio was 0.37; at 95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.74) after switching of the disinfectants from quaternary ammonium to 1:10 hypochlorite solution in the patients’ room that had CDAD. When it was reverted later to

War on terrorism vs. Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

War on terrorism vs. Human Rights - Essay Example When the truth was finally revealed by Miliband, questions were raised about the honesty of the government. And because the public already knew that there were two cases of renditions that have happened, there were doubts that maybe out of the 170 stopovers in the United Kingdom, there might have been more than two renditions that have transpired. As Tom Porteous, the Human Rights Watch' London Chief would put it, "We now know that in at least two cases, the U.S. didn't ask permission. How many other times did the U.S. fail to inform the British government" 3 The said confession on the controversial matter thus stained the trust of the people to their leaders in the government. But what was more disturbing on this matter is that there were human rights violated in the said extraordinary renditions done by the CIA. group, both locally and internationally, which firmly believe in the possibilities that there were rights violated in the said measures of renditions. ... about kidnapping and secret detention."4 And even if one views such matter in so many ways and in different perspectives, it will never look all right. Just the thought of detaining and torturing the suspects is already unfair and discriminatory. Though it is given that "Extraordinary rendition violates the universal declaration of human rights,"5 it is still not enough reason to physically abuse the suspects. They are called as suspects because they are not yet convicted to have committed the accused crimes. Now, if justice would always be done in this way- people without even undergoing the proper court proceedings, we might as well disregard the promulgated laws because the reason that the laws exist is for the people to be protected. In this case, these people- the suspects- are not protected. It is stated under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights that there is a "fair trial before an independent tribunal, andsuspects are innocent until proven [sic] guilty." 6 In this light, suspects, no matter what, are still human beings entitled with their own rights. And for that reason, I believe that they too have the claim to exercise their civil liberties and human rights. These norms then that protect people from various places around the world against 4BBC News,"UK Apology Over Rendition Flights"; available from http://www.khilafah.com/kcom/index2.phpoption=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=2005; 5 David Weissbrodt et al., "Extraordinary Rendition: A Human Rights Analysis," Harvard Human Rights Journal 287, Vol. 19 (2006), http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss19/weissbrodt.shtml. 6Sabina Zaccaro, "Rights: European Parliament Turns Policeman Over Renditions, http://ipsnews.net/news.aspidnews=36499. several forms of abuse, torture, and

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design Essay

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design - Essay Example Marriage is typically defined as the uniting of two people of the age of majority of their own free will and volition. In this way, regardless of culture contractual unions (often referred to as marriage) are recognized by the law of the state in every nation on the face of the planet. Child marriage is a situation where children are subjected to matrimony before they have achieved the legal marriage age. In the Middle East nearly half of Yemeni girls are married before they reach eighteen years of age. In some instances, marriages occur even before the tender age of 8. The law in Yemen set the minimum age at one that is approved for marriage to be 15 years; however, traditional customs more often than not continuously flout this law. 1. This is due in part to the fact that the law was continually interpreted differently by different individuals, the laws was changed in 1999 to allow marriage only after the point in time in which a girl reached the age of puberty. However, the issue with the change in the law meant that many tribal elders interpreted puberty to be as early as the age of 9. In the actual practice, it can be said that the law in Yemen allows women of any age to be able to wed, but it is forbidden to practice sex with them until they achieve the age where it is now considered suitable to do so. 2. The law was later to be raised from the minimum age of marriage to be 18 years after a girl, Nujood Ali, 10 years of age, in April 2008 was able to be granted divorce successfully after being raped under the set circumstances. Much later in 2008, a council for maternal care and childhood established a proposal for the minimum age to be defined at 18 years and was passed as law in April 2009. However, this law was to be dropped the very next day after maneuvers by parliamentarians opposed to it, and negotiations are still ongoing for the legislation to be

Round Rock High School Essay Example for Free

Round Rock High School Essay A school that has history, this school was established in 1867 and went public in 1888. Looking at RRHS when you first pull up seems like a descent size school with a modest old look. When you drive around the school it is expanded out much like a junior college and has a college feeling. There are 11 buildings on this campus not including their football field, track, marching band pad, baseball field and the amount of parking for both students and staff. Parking is amazing at this school. Plenty of parking for staff and faculty in front of the main building as well as plenty in the back of the building. Student parking is separated from the staff and faculty parking and plenty of it to go around for the students. All parking lots are nicely paved, with proper markings for all cars to park in with no confusion. Neighborhood around the school is a safe environment, no 2nd or 3rd tier living conditions around this school. Sanitation around the school is well kept and no loitering of strangers around the school. Security precautions are pretty normal throughout the school, teachers keeping eyes on the hallways, local police car parked in staff parking lot. However there was no sign of any Police officers on campus. There are security cameras mounted on top of the buildings leading in and out of each building. Outside of new buildings on this campus are all surrounded by windows so it’s pretty easy to see who is coming and going. The vegetation around the school is very lush green and lots of it in every open area there is available. Inside the main campus there is even a patch of green grass in the middle for students to sit on and study if so desire. As for students most students dress pretty casually and up to style, not so much of the sagging pants or hiked up skirts. Pretty decently respectful clothing, however there are a few students that are a little rebellious here and there and wear shirts that show there midriff or holes through out there pants. Most students seem to be very respectful to one another when passing in the hall ways. There isn’t any loitering before school starts in front of the school. Interior of school is very nice and open in main building.  Admissions office is separate from Principle/Administration office. Not very user friendly to navigate around at first and as an observer you blend in with the students so most faculty or staff don’t even notice you, or offer to help. Assistant Principal extremely nice and warm welcoming to visitors, students, staff and faculty, not really up to date on what day the school is on â€Å"A† or â€Å"B† day. RRHS is one of many schools that works off of block scheduling so students are not crammed with so many classes in one day but have longer classes to obtain more information from. The main building is the oldest building on the campus and will probably be the next building to be torn down to be rebuilt for more classes and faculty. The other 10 buildings are pretty well kept and if not new to the school such as buildings 1100, 1000, 500, 700 and maybe another building or two. Windows in all buildings were extremely clean and made you have that nice warm fuzzy feeling of walking into a building that seems to be well taken care of. All hallways from observation seemed to be clutter free, minus the 100’s of students passing by. Decorations were inside protected cases built in the wall mostly for organization and observation appearance. Each building had 2 – 3 sets of bathrooms in them minus the ROTC building who had one set due to the building being strictly for ROTC. Bathroom quality of the male’s latrine was clean, graffiti free and ammonia smelling free. Overall great quality of the interior of the building very impressed with cleanliness. Spanish III AP Stacy Dam/Teacher and Bethany Taylor/Student Teacher was the first class to be observed and from walking in the class seemed well organize d and students seem to know the routine of the class. Upon arrival most students were already in their desks doing their morning exercise for the class. The students were seated in traditional classroom format†¦rows. By the time the tardy bell rang there were two stragglers that walked in from the hallways talking with their friends. These were the guys that were to cool for school, you know the type hats on backwards, sagging pants no books and pretty much unprepared for class. When students walked into class they picked up there hand outs before sitting down along with pens if needed. After about 15 minutes into class everyone stood up for Pledge of Allegiance and Honor Texas Flag. Honor Texas Flag is new since 9/11 and believe Texas is the only state that does this for its public education system. After the Pledge of Allegiance the students were given 30 minutes  to prepare for class to which most students had already done the work or some just wasted time. The teachers did nothing and just spoke to one another not paying any attention to the students. Pretty disappointing to observe, after 30 min. had passed by, the teacher spoke to the class in Spanish and English explaining what they were going to do next. She then wrote a sentence on the board and spent another 15 minutes explaining word by word, grammar and sentence structure. She was very monotone and showed no sense of interest in making the class environment exciting, the students seemed very bored in class. The fluent speakers in class continued on with their gossip as if the teacher didn’t even exist. After observing this class I found it to be a low control low warmth climate due to the lack of rules and discipline in the classroom as well as the lack of teacher involvement in class with the students. The teacher ignored most of what was going on and mostly focused on teaching what she was obligated to do for the day with no disregard to the students that wanted to lea rn. I found that there was a lack of classroom management for the same reasons as the climate. No assertion in rules, no discipline, no rewards, and not trying to get the class out of there cliques to work with others. What I learned from observing this class is to make sure there is always classroom involvement and to communicate with the students. I observed a second Spanish (class level 1) and was blown away from the differences. I did however walk into this class by mislead information from the Assistant Principal telling me this class room was a German class. This class was taught by a Mr. Castillo who had transferred there from Spain. The classroom was very well organized with additional books as extras to those who forgot there materials. Spanish alphabet on the wall, posters from Spanish speaking countries around the room, random vocabulary around the room to catch the student’s interest. Mr. Castillo was yet another monotone teacher, however he had an upbeat attitude at t he same time. He was a very patient teacher with the freshman and there remarks to everything that was taught to them. Most of the students were attentive to the teacher, there were however a few that I saw reading books that had nothing pertaining to their subject. Others were listening to Ipods and lastly there was a food cart that would come by and students would get up in the middle of his lecture to get food. The teacher continued on with his lecture as if  nothing happened and the students that left to buy food would miss out on what he had to say. During the question session of what he had just taught them, most students seem to answer his questions and were praised lightly regardless of their answer. He was very positive with them but had a lack of rules and boundaries for the students. I felt the students took advantage of this and used it to their advantage. When a student had given a wrong answer all students would call this student out and let them know there mistake. The teacher did nothing to stop the students and let the verbal bashing continue. While this continued he continued on with his questioning I believe to bypass the issue and stay on topic or to just ignore the issue still not sure yet. I found this class to be low control high warmth climate due to the praise he would give but lack of rules he would have. The classroom management was better than the previous Spanish class I had attended but could definitely be improved. What I found interesting about this class was no matter how many interruptions the teacher had he seemed to care about the students that were really trying in the class and found ways to continue the motivation. An example of this would be walking up to the student that was paying attention and giving them a smile or a quick pat on the back to show his appreciation. This showed me how much the students responded to these little interactions and learned that if I do this with all students maybe I could have the same outcome for all the students. In conclusion I found this school to be more concerned about appearances than the education that is given to the students. I did observe three other classes but unfortunately don’t have the space to write about them. However they did all pretty much fall in the same manners as the first two.

Causes of Building Failures

Causes of Building Failures Building failure can be some part of building cracking occur, more seriously will bring building collapse. Building collapse will carry the risk of human injure or deaths. For example, buildings and structures all around start falling. This causes many people to get hurt, many of them fatally, because of the impact of falling material. Or, in high rise buildings, people themselves might fall from higher floor, thus, getting hurt, due to the impact of fall. Buildings with glass-facades are especially dangerous, as, glass being brittle would tend to crack with smallest deformation of the frame. And, worse, glass being very heavy has a very high impact on hitting somebody. And then, glass shards have a tendency to go inside the skin and cause damage to internal organs (Sanjay Churiwala and Naveen Gabrani n.d.). In addition, building collapse results in property damage and functionality inadequate. It also needs to spent time on clean-up, repair, cost losses and so on to get the facility up and running again. Building that causes fail may due to numerous of reasons that may not be easy predict before or during the construction. The analysis shows the general causes of building tend to failure that include unwise land-use and defective in designs which are arise at pre-construction phase and those construction and operational error which arise at during construction phase. Errors appear from pre-construction and during construction phase has the greatest potential influence on a projects final outcome. Building failure may occur due to three parties involved Consultant, Contractor and Developer/ Owner. The Consultants and Contractors had given insufficient of control and supervision of site operation and the quality control. More that, owner also is the one who are required to give cooperate and any assistance with Consultants and Contractors to completed the construction project. According to Mohammed Azad Hossain (2009), such errors ultimately lead to a situation, which may involve such failures, which are related to excavation and equipment, inappropriate sequencing, not enough temporary support; unnecessary structure weight; untimely taking away of shoring or formwork; and non-conformance to design objectives. Problem Statement and Research Question Failures have been found in various types of the buildings. Failure in buildings built any time the last 25 years, some as recently as the last couple of year (Steve 2008). A total of 225 building failure in Unites States and the result show that the building failure of low rise building constitutes about 63% of all cases, followed by multi-storey building as a distant second and this has been established by Kumalasari Wardhana and Fabian C.Hadipriono (2003). Building tend fail are depending on materials, designs, environmental conditions, method of construction and which the building is put of the use to, etc. Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium is a new multi- purpose stadium in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia which was constructed by South Korean construction firm. On July 3, 2009, a major part of the roof construction collapsed. The major cause such stadium collapsed has been identified are failure by design and materials used, rush development and under-supervised. Aims and Objectives The aim in this dissertation is to study and analyse the building failure and to find out the factor that causing building failure by three parties involved in construction industries. The objectives are: To study the factor that caused building failure by Contractor. To undertake the factor that caused building failure by Consultant; and To determine the factor that caused building failure by Developer/ Owner. Scope of Study The scope of study emphasizes on the building failure and factors that causing by three parties involved in Construction industries which are Consultant, Contractor and Developer/ Owner. Research Methodology Research Methodology is the way in which the research objectives can be questioned. There are two types of research strategies, which are quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research is highlight in the collection and analysis of data. This research based on testing of theories and to look for whether the theories are true. For the qualitative research, it approaches seek to gain insights and understand peoples awareness. The understandings, opinions, views, etc. of people are investigate which collect from survey questionnaires and document review. Primary Data Source Survey Questionnaires In this proposal, Survey Questionnaires will be used to collect all the opinions, views, etc. This method is the more accurate since as the first hand information collected from original research. The survey questionnaire form will be distributed form to 50 people who are random citizens and the purpose to investigate the major factor of building failure causing by three parties involved in construction industries. The survey questionnaire form will be set out in closed-ended question format for respondent to select the answer. That mean the closed-ended is the limit respondents answers to the survey, such as choosing either yes/no, true/false, or multiple choices. More that, the recommendation to reduce such failure in construction industries are also be conducted by survey questionnaire. Secondary Data Source The research undertakes a review of all literature which known as secondary research method that is selection of available related documents on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aim or express certain views on the nature of the topic (Chris 2003, p.1-2). In this proposal, the information sources and obtains can be from reference book which are from Library College and National Library. Beside, information also can be obtained from article and journal that were related to cause failure of the building. Electronic sources such as internet website from Google can helped to found the information which required in this research, and etc. Dissertation Contents For this study dissertation report involved 5 chapters. The general description of each chapter as follow: Chapter 1 Introduction The first chapter is the introduction of the dissertation. The contents in this chapter include Project title, background of the research problem, problem statement and research question, aim and objectives, scope of study, research methodology of the study and dissertation contents. Chapter 2 Literature Review In this chapter two is the literature review. It will review on the selection criteria of building failure which in discussed for failure of building, factor that causes of failure by primary parties involved in construction industry. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Chapter three is includes the research methodologies and to provide the rationale for the method adopted in this dissertation project. Then methods used to research are literature review on journal, reference book, etc., survey questionnaire, and case study. Chapter 4 Research Findings Chapter four is the discussion and result analysis. The data collected and interpret from research method adopted, identify and analysis it, then present and explain the findings. The data present will in a table, chart, diagram, and essay form. Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations The last chapter will be the conclusions and recommendations. The achievement of research objectives, recommendations and limitation of the research will be record in this chapter. References Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College Harvard Referencing system will be using in the research. This Harvard Referencing system is a standard practice at all institution of higher learning including Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) College. Project Plan and Schedule The table below is the Project Plan and Schedule of the research proposal project. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Basic of Building Failure in Construction Industries Definition of Building Failure Building Failure is refers to the member within structure or component or structure itself which are loss of load carrying capacity. More on the time initiated of building failure is when material stressed to its strength limit and fails to withstand the stresses imposed upon it. The failure will expose itself by crack or breaking, occur permanently deformed, becoming bending and more seriously may collapse (Wikipedia 2012). Calvert (2002) notes the buildings, like all structures, are designed to support certain loads without deforming excessively. The loads are the weights of people and objects, the weight of rain and snow and the pressure of wind and load of the building itself. With buildings of a few floors, strength generally accompanies sufficient rigidity, and the design is mainly that of a roof that will keep the weather out while spanning large open spaces. With tall buildings of many floors, the roof is a minor matter, and the support of the weight of the building itself is the main consideration. Like long bridges, tall buildings are subject to catastrophic collapse. The loads can divide into two parts which called live loads and dead load. Live loads are the weight of temporarily attached to; it can produce by like people, machinery and equipment, furniture, appliances, etc. of the building or other structure. But do not including the material that utilized in construction or environmental loads or anything permanently attached to it such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load, or dead load (N.A.N.d.). The case effects of machinery, equipment, furniture, appliances concentration, deflections or cracks must be considered and to determine the necessary proper intensity of design to considering those effects. Dead load is a fix load in a structure such as a bridge, building, or machine that is the weight from members itself, the supported structure itself, and permanent attachments equipment or accessories that apply in the building (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated 2012). The item that considered of dead load include construction material that use to build or make up the building such as beams, columns, floor systems, ceiling systems, wall systems, doors, windows, floor coverings, wall coverings, cabinets, and the like. Besides, the item considered of permanently attached equipment or accessories such as heating and ventilating systems, electrical trays, piping, etc. In the other way round that the item is not considered to dead load are the things as movable. That item like shelving, desks, chairs, beds, chests, books, copiers, stored items, or anything else that can be moved around during the life of the structure. The feature of dead load shows that they are the weight of final structure . This is creates a bit difficult for the design Engineer since in order to design the building, the Engineer must need to know the weight of the structure. Besides, the engineer also needs the accurately define the weights of the final structure. At the beginning of design process, the weight of the structural element and the framing are all unknown. So more of time to solution this kind of difficult position is the design Engineer often involves iteration where an educated guess is needed as to where design will finish, the dead loads is based on estimate, select the structure members that based on the estimated loads, dead loads is need to recomputed, then continue the cycle until all the member sizes do not change (T. Bartlett Quimby 2007). The aim of the structures are designed is to achieved the requested function of creation, ensuring the structures could be applied all of the loads, and sufficient safety of structures is obtain. In the properly designed system, it will prevent a local failure cause immediate and gradual failure of the complete building. The ultimate failure strength of a material or structural element is taken carefully consideration in the structural engineering and structural design to prevent failure (Finn 2009). As Aggeliki (2009) notes in his articles, if that are unexpected loads are applied, one of the factor of safety is needed to link into the design analysis to prevent building failure. Nowadays, building codes have improved and expressively to reduce the structural collapses, but it still cannot essential completely prevent the structural failures. Even though the structural failure is become less, but the results still are disastrous. Until now the engineers are still insistently searchi ng the method to reduce structural failures by introduce to proper building standards and other safety requirements. Lastly, reducing of human error, carrying out proper hazard identification, and using suitable maintenance procedures for the structures is the chance can be minimized of structural failure (Suvo 2009). Type of Building Failure The term of defect is defined as the premature failure of structure and the results cause from improper or substandard engineering, manufacture, design, application and installation. In another way, the term failure can described as the system breakdown or unable to function at all, breakdown in the operation, quality, or appearance of structure, component or material. Therefore those are different meaning in term of defect with the term failure. So, the following table show some of that various type of building failure (James and Ransom 2007, p.8): Failure Type Example Aesthetic failure Concrete or render cause crazing or shrinkage cracking. Flaking and peeling of paintwork. Staining and soiling of the finishes. Functional failure Caused sagging of the floors. Leaks in elements such as roofs, walls and floors Failure of materials Chemical attack of rendering or concrete, mortar or brick. Fungal are attack of the timber. Metals are corrosion. System failure of components and elements Carbonation of concrete. Leading to corrosion of reinforcement and subsequent cracking and spalling of concrete members. Structural failure Subsidence which caused downward movement of a building and caused by below ground factors such as desiccation of clay soil. Settlement which also caused downward movement and caused by overloading. Non- structural failure Cracking and deboning of plaster. Tenting, deboning and bubbling of floor coverings. Roof tiles and slates are delamination. Reversible failure Jamming of door and windows since of moisture intake by these components. Usually in winter or summer, the wood will be dry out and door and window will become unstuck. Irreversible failure Chemical reaction (sulphate attack) on mortar or rendering. Excessive distortion in beam, column or wall owing to structural movement. Primary Parties Involved in Construction Industries Definition Lawrence (2003, p.1-2) indicated that, The management of construction is an enterprise that involves many people with diverse interests, talents and backgrounds. The owner, the design professional and the contractor comprise the primary triad of parties, but others, such as subcontractors, material suppliers, and bankers, insurance and bonding companies, attorneys and public agency officials, are vital elements of the project team whose interrelated roles must be coordinated to assure a successful project. In this part will concern the duties and responsibilities of the primary parties such as the building contractor, consultants, and Developer/ Owner on the construction project. The primary focus here is on the building contractor who are to carries the lead duties and responsibility for the on-site installation work or sometimes off- site as well and all of the associated planning and follows up. At the same time, also to understand the duties and responsibility for other people an d organisations participate to success the project. Definition of Building Contractor According to Exforsys Inc. (2010), In the Construction industries, the contractor also can calls as the project engineer or project manager. The contractor is the one an individual who engages in the planning, developing and coordinating of activities in the construction project. The contractor also is the one to supervise the construction and to ensure all necessary measures must be taken in the result of completed finished product. More important is notwithstanding that possible delays due to bad weather or building causes any emergencies, contractor needs to sure that construction work finish are met the deadlines and try do the best of prevent causing any delay. The General contractor is employed by the developer/owner, and may also advice of the Architect to the developer/owner. Contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as tender documents). In during of the construction stage, contractor required to visit the site since it will help to get a better understanding of the project. He may handle the work on residential dwellings, commercial buildings or infrastructure, such as roads, bridges or schools. As the contractor, working hours are more the time is irregular, since any sudden problems that may arise at the construction site and constructor must be available at all times to resolve that problem. Besides, the contractor may need to calculate the price, as also called an estimate. Contractor required providing the approximate price with considers the cost of materials and equipment as well as the cost of labour to the owner for the project. The General Contractors Duties and Responsibilities That is many duties and Responsibilities that building contractor must be fully complete on day to day in order to ensure the construction project is completed smoothly and in a timely and correct manner. More about that, building contractor also need to ensure the project complete by price specified in the contract. Building contractor to construct the construction project must be according to the designers plans and specifications. Firstly, the duty of the building contractor is require implementing a plan and direct in which to carry out all the aspects of construction project. This is from hiring the workers to developing the contraction project and follow the step-by-step timeline that the project from start until end. In addition to implementing the construction plan, the building contractor is responsible for hiring, supervising, firing employees who are under the specific construction project with the contractor. For example, building contractor including design and worker selection or appoint as to hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering on site, etc. As a supervisor on construction project to supervising the employees, the building contractor must be regard to the workers and also take care of payslip. Ensure engage in hire someone to do work for the contractor. Obtaining the materials for the project also is the one of responsible for the building contractor. For instance, Contractor is the one to providing all of the labour, material, equipment (such as engineering vehicles and tools) and services necessary in the construction project. Since construction projects must be up to the contractor to acquire goods to build the structures, if not, cannot complete without the necessary building materials. Another duty of the building contractor is to applying for building permits from relevant department (local authorities). At before want start to construct the building, it must be acquire all necessary licenses and permits from relevant entities so that the building project just can begin. Since there are many regulation that the building contractor must be follow which relate to these documents which each building in order to engage in construction. The building contractor must complete the project which agrees with all laws, rules and regulations. The building contractor need to research about relevant regulations and laws that are related to the construction process. There are many laws such as different state have their different own law. Those laws will state that when, where and how a building contractor and his crew should build in certain areas. So, the building contractor must be recognized and followed in order to complete the project in a law-abiding manner. Another specific duty of the building contractor is budget issues. The building contractor may require planning all aspects of a construction project which including establish a budget for the construction project. That budget must be follow by the building contractor as closely as possible. For the example that budget will allow the building contractor to gain supplies, hire workers and finish the construction in a cost-efficient manner. That must be taken in serious matter which building contractor to following budgets and his/her should be care with or to ensure that the project will be completed as what was aspiration in the beginning of plan. From the beginning to end of the construction process, reviewing the progress and implementing any changes along the way also is another item which relate to the responsible of a building contractor. The building contractor needs to follow closely of the specific building project and necessary to make any changes when he/she deems fit to do so (Exforsys Inc. 2010). Lastly, the working hours of building contractor are irregular. Those emergencies and surprises may arise which relate to the project and it may occur on-site and sometimes off-site as well. So, as the building contractor must be assistance with an emergency issue available at all times and to resolve that problem. On the Wikipedia (2012) provided that, In the during construction phase, the building contractor is also responsible for providing temporary utilities on site like equipment, tool, formwork and etc., securing the property, control the quality assurance, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering on site, disposing of or recycling construction waste, monitoring master program (schedules) and cash flows, maintaining accurate records and etc. Besides, he/she should day-to-day go to the site and specialize and oversee of a construction site or the progress of a particular building task, such as plumbing, heating or electrical wiring. He or She also require to management of the vendors and trades. The building contractor should be done to prevent any oblation either the safety of the workers or the quality of the work. The contractor is has fully responsibility to complete and the purpose to achieving the quality level and for safety that required in the documents. The building contractor may also be involved in the training of the owners personnel in the operation of the building systems and may be provide some maintenance after construction is complete. It is important that the contractors has an obligation to get satisfy the minimum requirements of the drawings and specifications from the Architect. In the bidding process, the owner will asks for the lowest possible price to perform and that only those things are absolutely required by the drawings and specifications. Thus, the contractor is need obligated to satisfy those minimum requirements and no more. Of course, the owner is always free to require additional performance by change order. In the design / bid / build method, the owner only contract with the contractor. In the case, the contractor has no any contract with the designer. Then the contractors is required responsibility to comply any requirements of the contract with the owner. All efforts by contractor are essential to prevent the structural failure as it causes dangers to human life and property. There are the numerous of causes for a structural failure, and there is a requirement for a proper analysis of all the factors before construction (N.A, N.D). Definition of Consultants Who are the consultants? The consultants can be the design consultants, cost and contract consultants, land surveyors, etc. The design consultants usually comprises of the architect, civil and structural engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers and other specialist designers, such as interior designers, landscape architects, lighting specialists, town planners, etc. Design consultants as a designer of the project in the area he/ she is specialized in. They also as a facilitator of clients need and project brief. Besides, they as an advisor to the client on matters are relating to design and on statutory requirements and by- laws relating to the project. The cost and contract consultant can be the quantity surveyors. The quantity surveyors usually act as the cost and contract consultant for a project. The General Consultants Duties and Responsibilities In the following are shows the duties and the responsibilities of both which are design consultants and cost and contract consultant. Design Consultants Carrying out design works in their areas of specialization. Ensuring design works are properly coordinated with fellow consultants. Ensuring design complies with the requirements of the authorities, and with the by- laws. Choosing appropriate systems and materials, and making sure design for the elements of the works is kept within the cost plan. Notifying and advising the client on any necessary design changes due to unforeseen circumstances. Ensuring that design works are carried out within the time frame as set out in the programme. Conducting field observations to ensure that the contractor carries out the works as per the specifications and design. Contract documents include a budget, specifications, any general and special conditions prepared by a design professional such as an architect. Cost and Contract Consultant Responsible for study of the economics and financial implication of a construction project. Preliminary cost preparation and estimating. Cost plan preparation and cost studies. Contract documentation and administration preparation. Evaluation of contractors tenders. Cash flow forecast and post contract coat monitoring. Valuation of Variations. Preparation of periodic cost report for the client. Evaluation and settlement of contractors claim. Settlement of contractual disputes. Definition of Developer/Owner The developer/owner is the party who wishes to have a project constructed and pays for it. The developer/owner can be an individual, a business enterprise or an organization, and it can be both private and public. Developer/Owner is the key master to the construction production process. In addition, when initiate a construction project, developer/owner have a right to selecting project timing, priorities, cost limits, specific requirement, and determine the contractual methods. There are two type of developer/owner which are well informed and know nothing. Developer/Owner who are well informed mean know what they want and take decisive steps to achieve it. Another are know nothing mean the developer/owner need guidance to formulate their wishes and match them to the available budget. The General Developer/Owner Duties and Responsibilities Basically the duties and responsibilities of the developer/owner in a project can be under the following: Providing the clients brief and clarity of brief. Financing the project, i.e. they pay for the project. Ensure safety, health and environment aspects of the project are complied with in accordance with the legislation as laid down by DOSH and the Department of Environment. Make sure smooth incorporation and prevent disruption takes place. Avoidance of interruption to professional advisors job. Building Failure Caused by Primary Parties General Adel Abdulaziz Al Barrak (1993) postulates that, the construction business is the much higher level of competitors than any other business. As the result showing that, construction business has very high risks could lead to failure are exposed than any other business. Therefore, to determine cases of failure should be studied and such cases should be avoided in order to reduce that number of failure. The construction business need to more attention to treat the weak point. In the section will study the various building failure that cases by primary Parties involved in construction industries. There are three parties involved, namely, developer/ owner, consultant, and contractor. The relationship between these parties is adversarial since different parties has different goals they want to meet and each party goals that will has arisen conflict with the other parties goals. For the instances, the developer/ owner want the project be low cost to expend and result in good quality. But t his will reduce the profit that contractor gain. Besides, as the consultant, he/she wants the project is much more attractive and safe. In this circumstance, it may cause both the contractor and the developer/ owner spend more money or extra cost on the project. Except on this relation among parties, which still have more any other reason could be a major source of building failure. Building Failure Caused by Contractor More commonly factor that strong influence in the contractors failures in the project or building are lack of experience, poor labour productivity, bad management decisions, lack clearly assigning the responsibility and authority, recruiting multinationals, neglect, frauds, lack of control or supervision system, and lack of communication system. Lack of Experience That is important the building contractor must have the experience in the construction project. Contractor is the person who is daily to manage the activities process on the construction site. Besides, the building contractor also as field supervision to supervising all hiring worker on site. If the building contractor does not have experience, he may not to solve any problem arise from construction site. Dr. Sadi Assaf (2004) indicated that, the owner should try to employer a higher degree qualified working team in the company because that may able to maximize the usage of the companys resources and avoid any waste resources occur. The working team employer by owner mean should have good experience in the same line of work. As the more experienced building contractor in the project should be able to demonstrating knowledge of, propose a wide array of options, and have the experience with a variety of products, materials and techniques. Little or no experience of the building contractor is the most common cause the project or building failure. That is very difficult if the contractor resign at the halfway through the project, since the new contractor employ by the owner need to take over the work that where ex-contractor left off. For instance, the second contractor may not familiar to use the materials or techniques that first contractor have used. In addition, the second contractor may not at the same way that first contractor wishes to did, unless there are very specific drawings are provided (McCaleb Construction Inc, 2012). Poor Labour Productivity Poor labour productivity also mean as poor workmanship in construction industries. Poor workmanship is the actual that cause of construction either in defect or failure