Targets and Receptors for Conditions of the Endocrine System

Question: Write about theTargets and Receptors for Conditions of the Endocrine System. Answer: Introduction Receptors which are located on both the surface of the cell and also with it are the molecular targets through which drugs exert their effects in various diseases and health conditions. The term 'receptor' is used in a broader sense to refer to any recognition site for drug and drug-like compounds. They are defined as per their selectivity, saturability, functionality, and reversibility of ligand binding (Williams, 2006). Defining a receptor in both physiological and pharmacological terms means that it bears precise interactions with ligands belonging to a particular pharmacological class. Thus, drug compounds used in the treatment of conditions of the endocrine system need to have a specific compound structure to be able to target the various receptors for the delivery of therapeutic effects. This paper is a discussion on the targets and receptors in the treatment of the various conditions of the endocrine system. This discussion is carried as per each individual condition or where feasible, class of conditions, outlining the drug compounds used and their targets. Discussion There are different classes of drugs adopted for the treatment of the various presentations of disorders of the endocrine system. It is, therefore, necessary to group and classify these disorders. There are four primary classes of disorders relevant to this discussion; disorders in glucose homeostasis. thyroid disorders, disorders in calcium homeostasis, and disorders of pituitary gland. Targets and receptors in the treatment of glucose homeostasis disorders Conditions classified under glucose homeostasis disorders include diabetes, hypoglycemia, and glucagonoma. The glucagon receptor (Gcgr) The glucagon receptor is a peptide hormone mainly expressed in the liver and kidney with other minor sources such as the heart, spleen, GI tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, thymus, adrenal glands, and cerebral cortex. This receptor is one of the members in the family B receptors classified under the G protein-coupled super-family of 7 transmembrane-spanning receptors (Authier Desbuquois, 2008) Glucagon is the primary hormone which opposes the action of insulin. It is the primary hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells whose primary role is the provision of sustainable supply of glucose to the vital organs during fasting periods. To achieve this, hepatic glucose production is stimulated by specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) located mainly hepatocytes (Christensen, et al., 2011). Patients presenting with type 2 diabetes mellitus, have elevated levels of glucagon which plays a key function in the development of hyperglycemia among this group of patients. Evidence from a number of research studies shows that targeting the pancreatic alpha-cells and glucagon (its primary secretory product) can T2DM(Christensen, et al., 2011). With such evidence, drugs developed in the management of T2DM either antagonise the glucagon receptor or suppress glucagon secretion. Glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism in the management of hyperglycaemia has been demonstrated using glucagon peptide antagonists, small molecular weight GCGR antagonists, GCGR antisense oligonucleotides, and anti-glucagon neutralising antibodies can treat diabetes (Sloop, 2005). The insulin receptor(IR) This is a transmembrane receptor belonging to the class of tyrosine kinase receptors. Its activation is mediated by insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) (Ward Lawrence, 2009). This receptor regulates glucose homeostasis. Drugs targeting the insulin receptor increases the affinity of glucose transporter molecules on tissues that are insulin-responsive, and as a result increases the uptake of blood into such tissues (Boucher, et al., 2014). Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) This receptor is found in pancreatic beta cells and its activation leads to the stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway which translates to increased insulin synthesis and its release (Holst, 2004). This receptor has been a target in the development of the class of drugs known as GLP1R agonists used in the treatment of diabetes. GLP1R agonists potentiate the glucose-induced secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, suppresses post-prandial glucagon release, promotes beta-cell neogenesis and also inhibits their apoptosis, delays stomach emptying, increases expression of insulin, elevates peripheral glucose disposal and promotes satiety (Donnelly, 2012). Free fatty acid receptors Free fatty acids (FFAs) play a significant role in glycaemic regulation and the pathogenesis of T2DM (Bergman Ader, 2000). GPCRs for FFAs form part of the body's nutrient sensing mechanism and are included in the pancreas, GI tract, leucocytes, adipose tissue and other parts of the CNS. This class of receptors are not restricted to the lock and key theory but are rather considered to be diverse in the sense that their activation is mediated by a wide range of ligands (Vangaveti, et al., 2010). Vangaveti and fellow authors further claim that agonists of FFAR1 and GPR119 (long-chain FFA receptors) serve as insulin secretagogues, both directly and by also increases incretins which in turn stimulates a decline in blood glucose levels. Activation of GPR119 reduces food intake, causes a reduction in body weight gain, regulates incretin and hormone secretion (Lan, et al., 2009). This demonstrates that drugs that exert their function through this receptor can treat both diabetes and obesity (Overton, et al., 2008). Somatostatin receptors Somatostatin receptors are members of the G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptors (Bronstein-Sitton, 2006). They are targets for somatostatin analogues such as octreotide used in the treatment of glucagonoma. Activation of these receptors signals for the secretion of IGF-1 and also decreases the secretion of glucagon. Targets and receptors in the treatment of thyroid disorders The most prevalent disorders of the thyroid gland include goitre, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid hormone resistance, toxic multinodular goitre, thyroid cancer, and Graves-Basedow disease. Thyroid disorders may result due to either iodine deficiency, autoimmunity, genetic factors or environmental factors (Simmonds Gough, 2005; Weetman, 2003). However, autoimmunity is the most prevalent cause. Problems such as hypothyroidism characterised by the inadequate production of thyroxine hormone by the thyroid gland require thyroxine therapy. The receptors for the thyroxine from drugs such as Levothyroxine (LT4) are the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) (alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2) which are a type of nuclear receptor. Nuclear receptors are types of proteins found in cells with the responsibility of sensing steroid and thyroid hormones (Olefsky, 2001). Thyroid hormone receptors function as hormone-activated transcription factors, and as such, they act by modulating gene expression. Thyroid hormone receptors bind to DNA causing functioning as a transcriptional activator (Zhang Lazer, 2000). This action, however, needs to be down-regulated in the event of hyperthyroidism. In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces an excess of the hormone thyroxine. Its treatment includes anti-thyroid pharmacotherapy, radioactive iodine-131 therapy, and thyroidectomy (Lee, 2017). Agents for anti-thyroid pharmacotherapy such as Propylthiouracil act by inhibiting the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine (Lee, 2017). The receptors for this therapy are the thyrotropin receptors or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors. Thyrotropin receptors are also included in the GPCR group (Farid Szkudlinski, 2004). Thyroid stimulating receptors are found on the surface of thyroid epithelial cells, adipose tissue, and fibroblasts. The mode of function of thyrotropin receptors is that they bind circulating TSH and this signals a G-protein signal cascade which leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and also increases the intercellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Goel, et al., 2013). The latter activates all functional mechanisms of thyroid cells which include iodine pumping, iodination, endocytosis, proteolysis and the synthesis of thyroglobulin and as a result reduce the amount of thyroxine available (Sellitti Suzuki, 2014; Hashizume, et al., n.d.). Targets and receptors in the treatment of thyroid calcium homeostasis disorders This class of disorders includes parathyroid gland disorders (hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism), osteoporosis, rickets and Pagets disease of bone. Hyperparathyroidism is treated using calcimimetics whose mode of action is to mimic the action of calcium on tissues. It mimics calcium at the parathyroid hormone receptor leading to a binding that improves the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) on the parathyroid gland (Riccardi Martin, 2008). CaSR is also a Class C GPCR predominantly found in the parathyroid gland and some on the renal tubules of the kidney. There two forms of the parathyroid hormone receptors (parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) and parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) which are also members of GPCRs whose main function is regulation of calcium ion homeostasis (Pioszak Xu, 2008). Bisphosphonates are also used in the treatment of the osteoporosis, loss of bone mass and other similar diseases (National Osteoporosis Society, 2012). The target for this class of drugs is the bone tissue where they are ingested by osteoclasts. Targets and receptors in the treatment of pituitary gland disorders Some of the disorders in this group include diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, and pituitary tumours. Diabetes insipidus results from the lack of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), and its treatment involves the use of a synthetic hormone called desmopressin. The target receptors for desmopressin is the vasopressin receptors (V1, V2, and V3), more precisely the V2 receptors (Robben, et al., 2004). The V2 receptor is also a GPCR which regulates homeostasis of water, glucose and salts in the blood. These receptors are predominantly located in cell membranes of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts Conclusion Targets and receptors for drugs used in the treatment of conditions of the endocrine system are diverse and they are dependent on the function of the endocrine organ impaired. Even in cases involving the same hormone but differently classified into either hyper-production or hypo-production, the target receptors are also different. References Authier, F. Desbuquois, B., 2008. Glucagon receptors. Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 65(1881), pp. 1880-1889. Bergman, R. Ader, M., 2000. Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.. Trends Endocrinol Metab., 11(9), pp. 351-6. Boucher, J., Kleinridder, A. Kahn, C. R., 2014. Insulin Receptor Signaling in Normal and Insulin-Resistant States. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. , 6(1), p. a009191. Bronstein-Sitton, N., 2006. Somatostatin and the Somatostatin Receptors: Versatile Regulators of Biological Activity, s.l.: Alomone. Christensen, M., Bagger, J. I., Vilsbll, T. Knop, F. K., 2011. The alpha-cell as target for type 2 diabetes therapy.. The review of diabetic studies : RDS, 3(369-81), p. 8. Donnelly, D., 2012. The structure and function of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and its ligands.. Br J Pharmacol., 166(1), pp. 27-41. Farid, N. R. Szkudlinski, M. W., 2004. Minireview: Structural and Functional Evolution of the Thyrotropin Receptor. Endocrinology, 145(9), pp. 4048-4057. Goel, R. et al., 2013. A Signaling Network of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone. J Proteomics Bioinform., 29(4). Hashizume, K. et al., n.d. Administration of Thyroxine in Treated Graves' Disease Effects on the Level of Antibodies to Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptors and on the Risk of Recurrence of Hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med, Volume 324, pp. 947-953. Holst, J., 2004. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with agonists of the GLP-1 receptor or DPP-IV inhibitors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs, 9(1), pp. 155-66. Lan, H. et al., 2009. GPR119 is required for physiological regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion but not for metabolic homeostasis. Journal of endrcrinology, 201(2), pp. 219-30. Lee, S. L., 2017. Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis Treatment Management. [Online] Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/121865-treatment#d11 [Accessed 14 October 2017]. National Osteoporosis Society, 2012. Drug Treatment. [Online] Available at: https://www.nos.org.uk/page.aspx?pid=264srcid=234 [Accessed 7 October 2017]. Olefsky, J., 2001. Nuclear receptor minireview series. J. Biol. Chem., 276(4), p. 368634. Overton, H. et al., 2008. Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents. Cell Metabolism., 3(3), pp. 167-75. Pioszak, A. A. Xu, H. E., 2008. Molecular recognition of parathyroid hormone by its G protein-coupled receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 105(13), pp. 5034-5039. Riccardi, D. Martin, D., 2008. The Role of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Pathophysiology of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. NDT Plus. , 1(Suppl 1), pp. i7-i11. Robben, J., Knoers, N. Deen, P., 2004. Regulation of the Vasopressin V2 Receptor by Vasopressin in Polarized Renal Collecting Duct Cells. Mol Biol Cell, 15(12), pp. 5693-5699. Sellitti, D. F. Suzuki, K., 2014. Intrinsic Regulation of Thyroid Function by Thyroglobulin. Thyroid, 24(4), pp. 625-638. Simmonds, M. Gough, S., 2005. Genetic insights into disease mechanisms of autoimmunity.. Br Med Bul, 8(71), pp. 93-113. Sloop, K. W., 2005. Glucagon as a target for treatment of T2D. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 9(3), pp. 593-600. Vangaveti, V. et al., 2010. Free fatty acid receptors: emerging targets for treatment of diabetes and its complications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab., 1(4), pp. 165-175. Ward, C. Lawrence, M., 2009. Ligand-induced activation of the insulin receptor: a multi-step process involving structural changes in both the ligand and the receptor. BioEssays, 31(4), pp. 422-34. Weetman, A. P., 2003. Autoimmune thyroid disease: propagation and progression.. Eur J Endocrinol., 148(1), pp. 1-9. Williams, M., 2006. Receptors as drug targets.. Current protocols in pharmacology , Volume Supplement 32, pp. 1-18. Zhang, J. Lazer, M., 2000. The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu Rev Physiol, Volume 62, pp. 439-466.

Marilyn Monroe Essays - Marilyn Monroe, English-language Films

Marilyn Monroe When someone mentions Marilyn Monroe, one usually thinks off the seductive all-American sex goddess who captured the world with her woman-childlike charm. Yet not many know her as the illegitimate child who endured a childhood of poverty and misery, sexual abuse, and years in foster home and orphanages. Most people don't realize that her disrupted loveless childhood may been the main reason to her early death. Norma Jeane Baker's father, Edward Mortenson, had deserted her mother, Gladys Baker ne? Monroe, before she was born on June, 1 1926, in the charity ward of Los Angeles General Hospital. Due to Gladys' instability and the fact that she was unmarried at the time, Norma Jeane was placed in a foster home. At the age of 7, Norma Jeane lived briefly with her mother. Gladys began to show signs of mental depression, and a year later she was admitted to a rest home. Norma Jeane was then placed with a family friend for a year until being placed in another orphanage for another two years. Norma Jeane was once heard to reflect on this time and say: "The world around me then was kind of grim...I had to learn to pretend in order to...I don't know.. block the grimness. The whole world seen sort of closed to me..(I felt) on the outside of everything, and all I could do was to dream up any kind of pretend game." (MarilynMonroe,http://www.ionet.net/~jellenc/mmbio3.html) In 1941, Norma Jeane again lived with a family friend when she met Jim Dougherty, who was 5 years older than her. They then married on June 19, 1942. "Grace Mckee (family friend she was living with) arranged the marriage for me, I never had much of a choice. There's not much to say about it. They couldn't support me, and they had to work out something. And so I got married." (Marilyn Monroe) Jim joined the Marines in 1943 and was send overseas. Norma Jeane, while working in a factory inspecting parachutes in 1944, was photographed by the army as a promotion to show women on the assembly line contributing to the war effort. One of the photographers asked to take further pictures of her. She began modeling bathing suites and, after bleaching her hair blonde, began posing for pinups and glamour photos. By spring of 1945, she was quickly known as a"photographers dream" and had appeared on 33 covers of national magazines. She then enrolled in a 3 month modeling course, and in 1946, aware of her considerable charm and the potential it had for a career in films, Norma obtained a divorce. "Howard Hughes saw some of her photographs and expressed an interest in giving her a screen test for RKO, but Ben Lyon of 20th Century-Fox beat Hughes to the punch." (MarilynMonroeBiography,wysiwg://main.13/http:www.geocities.com/hollywood/bungalow/9690.bio.html) Ben Lyon arranged a screen test and on August 26, 1946, Norma Jeane signed a $125 a week, one year contract with the studio. Ben Lyon was the one who suggested the new name for the fledging actress, Marilyn Monroe. Along with this name change came a personality change. Her voice was lightened to speak in a whispery tone, and her nose was stretched to get rid of the pudgy look. She was no longer Norma Jeane the troubled orphan, she was now Marilyn Monroe the superstar. Marilyn met Joe Dimaggio in early 1952, she was 25 and he was 37. By February the romance was in full bloom. After appearing in small parts of films including Happy Love, and All About Eve, Monroe achieved celebrity with starring roles in three 1953 features, Niagara, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and How to Marry a Millionaire. In 1948 she began to make a series of nude calendar photos, which appeared in the December 1953 debut issue of Playboy magazine. By the end of the year, Monroe had been voted the top star of 1953 by American Film Distributors. On January 14, Joe and Marilyn were married. The wedding captured the headlines worldwide. Joe was extremely jealous type of a guy and resented her popularity among other men. "He desired a housewife, not a star if such magnitude.... the marriage was doomed from the beginning." (MarilynMonroe,http://www.ionet.net/~jellenc/mmbio3.html) Marilyn was asked to go on a USO tour of Korea in February to entertain the troops, beginning on the 16th for four days. She entertained over 60,000 soldiers, many of who had never seen a Monroe film...having been in the service during her rise to stardom. Through the summer of 1954, Marilyn was "ill with bronchitis and anemia." (MarilynMonroe) For

Career Choice Essay Samples - Gets You on the Right Track

Career Choice Essay Samples - Gets You on the Right TrackCareer choice essay samples can be extremely useful to a career seeker. A career choice essay sample is one of the best ways to get your career started. Every year, over two million people leave college and enter the workforce and many of them find it difficult to find work. But if you want to change your career, then read this article.For many, trying to get in touch with prospective employers can be a time consuming process. So, if you're planning to apply for jobs and new positions, then try to submit a job fair essay to each and every company that you would like to have contact with. This will surely help you get a job and it's never too late to do this.However, for those who have been laid off from their jobs or are looking for a new job, they often worry that they won't be able to find one that suits their needs. For those who are struggling to land a job, this should be your main concern. And while having a job is great, there are times when a simple resume may not be enough.Having a job in today's society means having to accept that your age is no longer important. However, as more companies seek out younger workers, it's harder for you to stand out. If you are trying to change your career, you need to show how you have the capacity to handle the demands of a job.Fortunately, career choice essay samples can help you showcase your abilities. Since, being a hard worker is more important than ever these days, many employers prefer to hire workers who can succeed with their work and make it shine. Not only that, but you can use career choice essay samples to demonstrate that you are skilled in skills that are required by today's industries.In today's employment market, there are so many job opportunities that you may end up frustrated. However, using career choice essay samples will help you remember that it's not the quantity of jobs that matters most. Instead, it's how you handle each and every job that counts. That's why you need to think about how you're going to find a job that will fit your needs.So, if you're going to be applying for jobs or trying to find a new job, then consider using professional essay writing services. These services have a proven track record of helping hundreds of individuals secure a job and a better lifestyle.

Factors Before Introducing Ethno Tourist Holidays Tourism Essays

Factors Before Introducing Ethno Tourist Holidays Tourism Essays Factors Before Introducing Ethno Tourist Holidays Tourism Essay Factors Before Introducing Ethno Tourist Holidays Tourism Essay Tourism develops faster than of all time earlier, non merely because it increases the local economic sciences but besides gives more opportunities for tourers to understand the differences civilization exists around us. Establishing on all the benefits, authoritiess in many tourer metropoliss were dedicated the schemes of developing tourer industries. To better competitions in countries of touristry, travel companies should spread out their concern into novel and diversified manners. Developing ethno-tourism is a sort of them which should be considered. Ethno-tourism was defined by Wood ( 1980 ) as Tourss of living civilization , that means tourers should come in themselves into the spirit of the topographic points or they may public presentation as the local people during the travelling that could understand deeply of the civilization. Ethno-tourism is focus on the people who did nt cognize the civilization of the tourer territory and besides populating out of this sort of civilization. MacCannell ( 1984:375 ) claimed the ethno-tourism occupies the conceptual infinite between bio-genetic thoughts of race and socio-genetic thoughts of civilization. Researching the unknown universe is human s natural behaviour, during 19th and 20th the costs increased by tourers can better it. For illustration Word Bank ( 1983 ) reported in Hong Kong ( south Asian ) , the touristry receipts up from 30.8 1000000s dollars to 1449.0 1000000s dollars from the twelvemonth 1960 to 1981. Tourism industries developed really rapidly, and ethno-tourism as a sort of new manners are concerned by so many tourer companies. Whereas, sing from the benefits the companies could acquire from ethno-tourism people besides should see the negativeness touristry would happen in tourer topographic points, will it upset the lives of local people, or overdevelopment of natural resources? Choosing expand ethno-tourism as a new concern in company is a good sentiment, nevertheless duties is besides need to see w hen people get benefits from it. The undermentioned essay will see from the positive and negative of ethno-tourism. The fist portion contains the fiscal benefits ethno-tourism brings to local authorities and tourer industry. Besides ethno-tourism becomes a tendency of touristry. The 2nd portion will see from the negative side of ethno-tourism, like damaging natural environment and some sort of altering to local civilization. At the terminal of this essay, I would wish to give some suggestions base on some research and literatures. Ethno-tourism as a alone manner of touristry could raise much more income for tourer topographic points. Some of the tourer topographic points were existent hapless before touristry come ining into their location, it goes without developing, and lasting was a difficult work. Through pass oning with tourers, autochthonal population becomes assurance to their tradition and civilization. Ethno-tourism gives the local people many opportunities to increase their personal income. Obviously ethno-tourism is really popular in tourers. No longer content to jab about understanding the surface of a topographic point, tourers desire to happen out the deep significance of a topographic point, like the traditional behaviour and civilization. That is a chief ground why ethno-tourism becomes more and more popular around the universe. There are many topographic points had got a batch of benefit from ethno-tourism, for illustration a popular tourer metropolis: Mexico. Since its finance crisis in 1982 ( the chief ground is debt jobs ) the authorities of Mexico launched discriminatory policies on touristry particularly on ethno-tourism to develop their economic. And now, the touristry is one of the largest export industries with oil and mills goods in gross of Mexico ( Turismo 2001:25-37 ) . And now Mexico is one of the most popular finishs tourers like to take in their programs because of its ethno-tourism. In 1999, there are 19 million tourers travel in Mexico, and in 2000, the tourers figure raised to 20.6 million. The large addition Numberss of tourers conveying a high benefits for Mexico, grosss had got $ 7.2 1000000s in 1999 and in 2000 it arrived $ 8.3 million. Ethno-tourism created at least 1.9 million occupations to local people and gave them a really great chance to better their personal income. In add-on, it contributed 8.9 % to the GDP of Mexico. It is non a little figure. With the fast velocity of developing in touristry, particularly in ethno-tourism, Mexico authorities made a batch of schemes to better their competition in tourer industries all over the universe. There is a jubilation called Day of Dead in Mexico. During the yearss, many tourers came from their states to take part this jubilation. With the regular costs to take attention of tourers, authorities has the duty to retrace the roads and streets of the metropolis. They suggested families reconstruct their house for accepting more tourers. Now most of the family could supply suites, repasts, drink for their invitees. It seems everything becomes much better. It is a good state of affairs to pull more tourers to go at that place. For tourers, they loved to set their in functions when they have ethno-tourism in some topographic points ; they have a jubilation with local people, respect the faiths which exist in different topographic points. Scott ( 2004 ) interviewed some of people in Bratislava ( E of Poland ) when there have a tradition which called Kupaly. One of the interviewed was a adult female came from the E, she had her ain eating house and she was 38 at that clip. She expressed that she and her hubby loved accumulate the civilizations, because through that, she could acquire a batch of different experiences of the universe and besides could experience the different sensitiveness in her when she immersed herself into ethno-tourism. And besides she found there was no exclude foreigner in her head. Most of tourers thought the traditional civilization is the best gift which ethno-tourism could give them and it ever impressed them profoundly. Every twelvemonth in the same clip the traditional jubilation w ill keep, the lone thing will be changed is the misss ages who public presentation in the jubilations. Harmonizing to the fundss benefits tourer topographic points and tourer companies would acquire from ethno-tourism, it seems people should advance it with no uncertainty. However, every thing has its two sides, there is positive side and negative side, which means people should non merely watch the positive side of the event but besides need to believe about the negative side. As the study Scott ( 2004 ) wrote, for tourers, ethno-tourism indulging their wonder. Whereas many local people felt ambivalent about developing ethno-tourism. Because of the development of ethno-tourism began upseting their normal lives. From one manus, more and more tourers come here to take part into the jubilation like developing their faith and tradition, from other manus jubilation means one of the most of import events in tradition, the effects by concern involved make it seems no longer simple. Kearney ( 1995 ) and Teo and Li ( 2003 ) argued that although there ever have argument on societal scientific discipline look about ethno-business effects local country. However there are two elements bing without uncertainty, the first 1 is, the local authorities ever keeps its cardinal function in ethno-business ( Panitch 1994 ) . Without base on balls planetary understanding, local authorities will do some determinations depend on developing local economic and fitting tourers demands. The 2nd 1 is stated by Sliver ( 1993 ) and Wood ( 1997 ) as people ever have the power in despite of regulations remain in natural planetary organisation in the whole procedure. Greenwood ( 1989 ) gave an illustration to exemplify these two statements. Spain s national festival calendar is popular with planetary tourers, in order to raise the income, local authorities decided increase the public presentation on the jubilation which means no longer public presentation as tradition, but nonmeaningfu l public shows. Many local people are annoyed for the local authorities s behaviour ; they refused public presentation, so the local authorities had to pay for them to affect the jubilation. Puting aside the fiscal ground, there are some jobs need people to pay their attending excessively. Verner ( 2009 ) cited that in Colombian Amazon the economic benefits from touristry are non every bit good as authorities hoped. There is a touristry company in Colombian Amazon named Yewae Visitor Centre ( YVC ) , while YVC paid approximately 10 % net income to the communities, the communities need paid 20 employees income and many costs on environmental protection. The environmental job of Tourist topographic points ever a biggest job confronting to local people. Overdeveloping natural resources causes a batch of inadvertent species confronting disappeared in the close hereafter. Too much-traveling disturb the natural species lives, and merely sing on fiscal grounds local mills utilizing immense natural resources to bring forth nutrient and gifts for sale to tourers. Harmonizing to benefits, immature coevalss have to larn new linguistic communication in order to affect the tourer markets. The demand of electric power and clean H2O go more serious. Many tourers like taking Pacific delicate countries as their ethno-tourism finishs. For illustration: mountains, seashore and little islandsaˆÂ ¦after damaging the environment so they leaves. Furthermore, tourer companies in order to pull tourers to construct a luxury hotel and golf nines or other installations on old natural land. Obviously, it breaks the balance between wildlife and nature. Over tourers increase the hazards of illness, the demands of wellness attention in these topographic points increase dramatically. Many of tourer topographic points substructure still fall behind, they could non back up force per unit areas in the peak yearss of touristry. Water pollution, wastrel disposal are limited. All of them lead earnestly environmental pollution. Establishing on these grounds, authoritiess and besides include tourist companies who can acquire the most fiscal benefits from ethno-tourism have to reconsider these jobs. As a tourer company, there is no uncertainty that expand the concern like ethno-tourism could convey a batch of fiscal benefits, nevertheless at that place besides have some duties should be focus on if company consider come ining in ethno-business. Green ( 1995:152 ) recorded in 1978 the National Plan of Tourism provide some discriminatory policy for tourer industry, in order to development their economic sciences, moreover based on sing protect the environment there were some extra clauses in the discriminatory policy. Some recommendations are provided to tourist companies: the first 1 is Tourist Company should acknowledge the tourer topographic points as the exclusive middlemans and esteem the tourer topographic points. Second, Tourist Company should command is activities under the policy which was made by local authorities and do certain the local people could acquire much benefits from touristry industry, that is make certain local people have adequate fiscal abilities to protect and better their topographic points. Third, under local authorities s managing, Tourism industry should obey the conditions which including the program of utilizing and developing land of tourer topographic points. Fourth, for local people and local touristry direction organisations, they besides have duties to track the impact signifier ethno-tourism and cut down the injury from it, particularly environment and civilization. Fifth, if any tourer activities need to utilize any natural resort or could bring forth any har m, they should subscribe a contract with local tourer organisations or authorities, to vouch them. Sixth, authorities should give more support to tourist topographic points, which including fiscal support, information exchange, better substructure adequate clean H2O and adequate electronic poweraˆÂ ¦ Seventh, better the instruction by authorities in tourer topographic points, which could do certain the following coevals still could aware that the cultural and environment is really of import. Expand a concern like ethno-tourism is existent benefits both tourist company and tourer topographic points, nevertheless, if people merely concentrate on the economic benefits, but ignore their duties, it besides could convey a large harm including fiscal and environmental jobs. Although, it seems litter hard to maintain the balance between Development and protection, people should maintain making it. That is the lone ways could acquire existent benefits from ethno-tourism for a long clip.

The Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Darius Empire

The Royal Road of the Achaemenids in Darius Empire The Royal Road of the Achaemenids was a major intercontinental thoroughfare built by the Persian Achaemenid dynasty king Darius the Great (521–485 BCE). The road network allowed Darius a way to access and maintain control over his conquered cities throughout the Persian empire. It is also, ironically enough, the same road that Alexander the Great used to conquer the Achaemenid dynasty a century and a half later. The Royal Road led from the Aegean Sea to Iran, a length of some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers). A major branch connected the cities of Susa, Kirkuk, Nineveh, Edessa, Hattusa, and Sardis. The journey from Susa to Sardis was reported to have taken 90 days on foot, and three more to get to the Mediterranean coast at Ephesus. The journey would have been faster on horseback, and carefully placed way stations helped speed the communication network. From Susa the road connected to Persepolis and India and intersected with other road systems leading to the ancient allied and competing kingdoms of Media, Bactria, and Sogdiana. A branch from Fars to Sardis crossed the foothills of the Zagros mountains and east of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, through Kilikia and Cappadocia before reaching Sardis. Another branch led into Phyrgia. Not Just a Road Network The network might have been called the Royal Road, but it also included rivers, canals, and trails, as well as ports and anchorages for seaborne travel. One canal built for Darius I connected the Nile to the Red Sea. An idea of the amount of traffic that the roads saw has been gleaned by ethnographer Nancy J. Malville, who examined ethnographic records of Nepali porters. She found that human porters can move loads of 60–100 kilograms (132–220 pounds) a distance of 10–15 kilometers (6–9 miles) per day without the benefit of roads. Mules can carry loads of 150–180 kg (330–396 lbs) up to 24 km (14 mi) per day; and camels can carry much heavier loads up to 300 kg (661 lbs), some 30 km (18 mi) per day. Pirradazish: Express Postal Service According to the Greek historian Herodotus, a postal relay system called pirradazish (express runner or fast runner) in Old Iranian and angareion in Greek, served to connect up the major cities in an ancient form of high-speed communication. Herodotus is known to have been prone to exaggeration, but he was definitely impressed with what he saw and heard. There is nothing mortal that is faster than the system that the Persians have devised for sending messages. Apparently, they have horses and men posted at intervals along the route, the same number in total as the overall length in days of the journey, with a fresh horse and rider for every day of travel. Whatever the conditions- it may be snowing, raining, blazing hot, or dark- they never fail to complete their assigned journey in the fastest possible time. The first man passes his instructions on to the second, the second to the third, and so on. Herodotus, The Histories Book 8, chapter 98, cited in Colburn and translated by R. Waterfield. Historic Records of the Road As you might have guessed, there are multiple historical records of the road, including such as Herotodus who mentioned the royal waystations along one of the best-known segments. Extensive information also comes from the Persepolis Fortification Archive (PFA), tens of thousands of clay tablets and fragments incised in cuneiform writing, and excavated from the ruins of Darius capital at Persepolis. Much information about the Royal Road comes from the PFAs Q texts, tablets which record the disbursement of specific travelers rations along the way, describing their destinations and/or points of origin. Those endpoints are often far beyond the local area of Persepolis and Susa. One travel document was carried by the individual named Nehtihor, who was authorized to draw rations in a string of cities through northern Mesopotamia from Susa to Damascus. Demotic and hieroglyphic graffiti dated to Darius Is 18th regnal year (~503 BCE) has identified another important segment of the Royal Road known as Darb Rayayna, which ran in North Africa between Armant in the Qena Bend in Upper Egypt and the Kharga Oasis in the Western Desert. Architectural Features Determining Darius construction methods of the road is somewhat difficult since the Achmaenid road was built following older roadways. Probably most of the routes were unpaved but there are some exceptions. A few intact sections of the road which date to Dariuss time, such as that at Gordion and Sardis, were constructed with cobblestone pavements atop a low embankment from 5–7 meters (16–23 feet) in width and, in places, faced with a curbing of dressed stone. At Gordion, the road was 6.25 m (20.5 ft) wide, with a packed gravel surface and curbstones and a ridge down the middle dividing it into two lanes. Theres also a rock-cut road segment at Madakeh which has been associated with the Persepolis–Susa road, 5 m (16.5 ft) wide. These paved sections were likely limited to the vicinities of cities or the most important arteries. Way Stations Even ordinary travelers had to stop on such long journeys. A hundred and eleven way-posting stations were reported to have existed on the main branch between Susa and Sardis, where fresh horses were kept for travelers. They are recognized by their similarities to caravanserais, stops on the Silk Road for camel traders. These are square or rectangular stone buildings with multiple rooms around a broad market area, and an enormous gate allowing parcel- and human-laden camels to pass under it. The Greek philosopher Xenophon called them hippon, of horses in Greek, which means they probably also included stables. A handful of way stations have been tentatively identified archaeologically. One possible way station is a large (40x30 m, 131x98 ft) five-room stone building near the site of Kuh-e Qale (or Qaleh Kali), on or very close to the Persepolis–Susa road, known to have been a major artery for royal and court traffic. It is somewhat more elaborate than would have been expected for a simple travelers inn, with fancy columns and porticoes. Expensive luxury items in delicate glass and imported stone have been found at Qaleh Kali, all of which leads scholars to surmise that the site was an exclusive way station for wealthier travelers. Travelers Comfort Inns Another possible but less fancy way station has been identified at the site of JinJan (Tappeh Survan), in Iran. There are two known near Germabad and Madakeh on the Pesrpolis–Susa road, one at Tangi-Bulaghi near Pasargadae, and one at Deh Bozan between Susa and Ecbatana. Tang-i Bulaghi is a courtyard surrounded by thick walls, with several smaller ancient buildings, which fits other types of ancient buildings but also caravanserais. The one near Madakeh is of similar construction. Various historic documents suggest that there were likely maps, itineraries, and milestones to aid travelers in their journeys. According to documents in the PFA, there were also road maintenance crews. References exist of gangs of workmen known as road counters or people who count the road, who made sure that the road was in good repair. There is also a mention in the Roman writer Claudius Aelianus De natura animalium indicating that Darius asked at one point that the road from Susa to Media be cleared of scorpions. Archaeology of the Royal Road Much of what is known about the Royal Road comes not from archaeology, but from the Greek historian Herodotus, who described the Achaemenid imperial postal system. Archaeological evidence suggests that there were several precursors to the Royal Road: that portion which connects Gordion to the coast was likely used by Cyrus the Great during his conquest of Anatolia. It is possible that the first roads were established in the 10th century BCE under the Hittites. These roads would have been used as trade routes by the Assyrians and Hittites at Boghakzoy. Historian David French has argued that the much later Roman roads would have been constructed along the ancient Persian roads as well; some of the Roman roads are used today, meaning that parts of the Royal Road have been used continually for some 3,000 years. French argues that a southern route across the Euphrates at Zeugma and across Cappodocia, ending at Sardis, was the main Royal Road. This was the route taken by Cyrus the Younger in 401 BCE; and it is possible that Alexander the Great traveled this same route while conquering much of Eurasia in the 4th century BCE. The northern route proposed by other scholars as the main thoroughfare has three possible routes: through Ankara in Turkey and into Armenia, crossing the Euphrates in the hills near the Keban dam, or crossing the Euphrates at Zeugma. All of these segments were used both before and after the Achaemenids. Sources Asadu, Ali, and Barbara Kaim. The Acheamenid Building at Site 64 in Tang-E Bulaghi. Achaemenet Arta 9.3 (2009). Print. Colburn, Henry P. Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.1 (2013): 29–52. Print.Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print.French, David. Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road. Iran 36 (1998): 15–43. Print.Malville, Nancy J. Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Pre-Hispanic American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20.2 (2001): 230–43. Print.Stoneman, Richard. How Many Miles to Babylon? Maps, Guides, Roads, and Rivers in the Expeditions of Xenophon and Alexander. Greece and Rome 62.1 (2015): 60–74. Print.Sumner, W. M. Achaemenid Settlement in the Persepolis Plain. American Journal of Archaeology 90.1 (1986): 3–31. Print.Young, Rodne y S. Gordion on the Royal Road. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107.4 (1963): 348–64. Print.

Community teaching part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Community teaching part 3 - Essay Example The education program targeted adults from aged 18 years to 75 years. The reason for the selection is that the people in the groups can comprehend the basics that will be taught and implement them. They then can transfer the knowledge to others in the community. The teaching involved dissemination of professional information to the attendees in the Hispanic language. Spanish was used since it is the first language of the target community. The motive was to enhance understanding of the issues and hence better outcomes. The process also involved question and answer sessions where people had the opportunity to ask various questions and clarifications on issues they find contentious. After the training, the attendees were required to answer basic questions regarding diabetes. The questions were both oral and written. The objective was to check the importance of the session to the community. The attendees were also be required to demonstrate to others what they have learned. Testing the ability to teach others tests the ability of the training to impact other people who will not attend the sessions. The Center for Disease and Control states that American Hispanics are at a greater risk of developing diabetic conditions than other white Americans. The CDC puts the prevalence of the disease among Hispanics as 66% higher than other white Americans. The CDC further estimates that 2%-10% of Hispanic mothers develop gestational diabetes (cdc.gov). The reasons for the conditions can be attributed to the functional health patterns of the community. During a pilot study, it was found out that most of the Hispanics are not physically active and do not consider nutrition as a health factor. According to Swain and Leutholtz (2007), people with type 2 diabetes heavily rely on diet and physical activity. Thus, the Spanish community is uninformed in matters concerning the mitigation of diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes has led to huge health and economic loss to

The Bauhaus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bauhaus - Essay Example The ability of the artist to combine space, form, and colour as well as the culture and tradition of the people within the society tells us something about an architectural design. In line with this matter, the author of Bauhaus discussed how the school became a strong influence in the training and development of craftmanship among the modern painters, achitects, and sculptors. One of the school’s strong influence of Bauhaus started when the school decided to effectively train the painters, architects and sculptors to become artistically inclined. This was done by enabling the students to understand the importance of combining their suggested ideas, concepts, knowledge on new materials and available technology including their individual skills when creating a new concept or design. In fact, one of the many goals of Bauhaus is to enable the readers to fully understand the importance of craftmanship especially when it comes to modernization of art designs. The Bauhaus started in Weimar between the years 1919 to 1925 when the school was temporarily closed because of the lack of financial capabilities to continue its operations. Between December 1926 up to 1932, the Bauhaus in Dessau became operational. Eventually, Bauhaus in Berlin managed to served the public only between 1932 to 1933 since the Bauhaus was closed down because of the political decisions of Hitler under the Nazi regime. The training provided by the Bauhaus to its students was not limited to designing on papers.